Exam 3 Review Questions Flashcards by Adam Sklamberg

The morphology of specific muscles within the limb bud is determined by which of the following factors?

Surrounding connective tissue
BMPs
Apical Ectodermal ridge
Noggin

Surrounding Connective Tissue

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Pre-muscles in the developing limb bud are derived from which of the following sources?

Lateral plate mesoderm
Somitic dermatomes
Somiti myotomes
Neural crest

Somiti Myotomes

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Which of the following represents the principal function of the AER?

Stimulating outgrowth of the limb bud
Setting up the AP axis of the limb bud
Determining the specific characteristics of the ectodermal appendages of the limb
Determining the pattern of neural outgrowth of the limb

Stimulating outgrowth of the limb bud

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If the limb disc of a salamander embryo is rotated 180 degrees, so that both the AP and the DV axes are reversed, which of the following would be observed?

The resulting limb would be completely normal with no reversal of axes.
The AP axis of the resulting limb would be reversed but not the DV axis
The DV axis of the resulting limb would be reversed but not the AP axis
Both the AP and the DV axes of the resulting limb would be reversed

The AP axis of the resulting limb would be reversed but not the DV axis

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Numerous experiments have shown that retinoic acid is capable of inducing the formation of the posterior limb in vertebrates. Retinoic acid is not the actual morphogen but is capable of activating which of the following genes, which is thought to express the actual morphogen?

Sonic Hedgehog
Wnt-7 gene
Pax-3 gene
Noggin gene

Sonic Hedgehog

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Pattern formation along the proximodistal axis of the limb bud is primarily determined by which of the following?

Paxa gene
Hoxd gene
Retinoic acid
Sonic Hedgehog

HoxD Gene

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The presence of webbing between the toes of wading birds such as ducks and the presence of webbed fingers (syndactyly) is most likely associated with which of the following?

Overexpression of Noggin
Oligohydramnios
Reduced apoptotic activity
Amniocentesis

Reduced apoptotic activity

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Which of the following experiments carried out on salamander embryos illustrates that the developing limb is a highly regulative system?

Split limb primordium into two halves and prevent them from fusing
Juxtapose two equivalent halves of a limb primordium
Remove part of a limb primordium
All of the above

All of the above

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Which of the following factors functions as the initial initiator of future hindlimb development?

Hoxd
Tbx4
Shh
Gli3

Tbx4- Note that Tbx5 is for the future forelimb

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In limb development, the attraction of the outgrowing nerves to peripheral organs seems to be unspecific to a very high degree. Connections between a nerve and the end organ can be made only if the two correspond to each other. These assumptions are based on which of the following experiments?

An eye was transplanted to the side of a salamander embryo after the forelimb rudiment was removed.

A salamander forelimb bud was removed and replaced by a hindlimb bud.

A salamander limb rudiment was transplanted to the flank (side) of a host salamander.

An obstacle (ex. Piece of mica) was placed between the spinal cord and the region where the hindlimb rudiment was to develop in a salamander embryo.

An eye was transplanted to the side of a salamander embryo after the forelimb rudiment was removed.

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During limb development, pre-muscle cells in the somite express c-met, which is the receptor for which of the following?

Pax-3
N-cadherin
Tcf-4
Scatter Factor

Scatter Factor

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In the formation of limb joints, which of the following signal molecules is responsible for inhibiting BMP in the region of the future joint cavity?

Shh
Noggin
Wnt-1
Eng-1

Noggin

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Which of the following occurs when an additional limb bud is transplanted into the immediate vicinity of the host forelimb of a salamander embryo?

Neither limb bud will be supplied by any branches of the brachial plexus.
The brachial nerves will develop branches running out to the additional limb and will supply it.
The transplanted limb bud will be supplied by local nerves that would normally supply flank muscles.
Local brachial plexus nerves deviate from the normal limb bud and supply only the transplanted limb bud.

The brachial nerves will develop branches running out to the additional limb and will supply it.

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The formation of clubfoot (talipes equinovarus) is associated with which of the following?

A misplaced ZPA
Defective cellular migration from somites
Thalidomide
Oligohydramnios
A neural crest defect

Oligohydramnios

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Which of the following is observed when the forelimb rudiment of a salamander embryo is removed so that the limb fails to develop?

The associated spinal ganglia increases to more than 150% of their normal size.
Local nerves are not affected.
The nerves of the brachial plexus remain smaller (thinner) than they would have been if the limb were still there.
Nerves of the future brachial plexus undergo apoptosis

The nerves of the brachial plexus remain smaller (thinner) than they would have been if the limb were still there.

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Which of the following are NOT derived from neural crest cells?

Postganglionic autonomic neurons
Autonomic ganglia
Sensory neuron cell bodies
Motor neuron cell bodies

Motor neuron cell bodies

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Trunk Neural Crest cells utilize three migratory pathways. The earliest (first) emigrating cells follow which of the following pathways?

Ventral Path

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Cranial neural crest cells from the region of the rhombomeres 6 and 7 are involved in the establishment which of the following structures?

Pharyngeal Arch 3

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Neural crest cells that give rise to the leaflets of the semilunar valves, thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands, and the septa that divide the conus arteriosus into the aortic and pulmonary arteries arise from which of the following?

Cardiac neural crest

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Which of the following neurocristopathies is characterized by pigmentation defects, white strip in the hair, deafness, and cleft palate among others?

Waardenburg Syndrome

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A low concentration of which of the following factors results in placode formation, while a high concentration of the same factor results in the formation of the neural plate.

BMP

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Which of the following factors is referred to as the “master gene of eye development” in Drosophila and in human eye development is necessary to induce the formation of the lens placode?

Pax-6

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In the development of the retina, the nasal temporal (anterior-posterior) axis is fixed first (before the dorsoventral axis). This axis is established, in part, by gradients composed of which of the following?

Ephrins

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Except for the pharyngeal arch musculature, the rest of the pharyngeal arch mesenchyme is derived from which of the following source?

Neural Crest

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Except for the first pharyngeal pouch, patterning of the pharyngeal arch endoderm is heavily based on exposure to which of the following factors?

Retinoic Acid

Which of the following develops from the cartilaginous portion of the second pharyngeal arch?

Stapes

The palate forms during which of the following time periods?

6-10 weeks of development

Tendons of limb muscles arise from the lateral plate mesoderm. Limb muscles arise from which of the following sources? Dorsal lip of myotome Ventral buds of myotomes Ventrolateral dermatomes Paraxial somitomeres

Ventrolateral dermatomes

Which of these cell and tissue types arises from cranial, but not trunk, neural crest cells? ``` Sensory ganglia Adrenal medulla Melanocytes Schwann Cells None of these answers ```

None of these answers

Which of the following is a poor substrate for migrating neural crest cells? ``` Laminin Chondroitin sulfate Fibronectin Type IV Collagen Hyaluronic Acid ```

Chondroitin sulfate

Neural crest cells arise from which of the following? ``` Somite Dorsal non-neural ectoderm Neural plate Splanchnic mesoderm Yolk sac mesoderm ```

Neural plate

A 65 month old infant exhibits multiple congenital defects, including a cleft palate, deafness, ocular hypertelorism, and a white forelock but otherwise dark hair on his head. Which of the following represents the probable diagnosis? ``` CHARGE association Von Recklinghausen's disease Hirschsprung's disease Waardenburg syndrome None of the above ```

Waardenburg syndrome

Which of the following is involved in the migration of neural crest cells from neural tube? ``` Snail BMP-2 Mash-1 Norepinephrine Glial Growth Factor ```

Snail

Which is not a derivative of neural crest cells? ``` Sensory neurons Motor neurons Schwann cells Adrenal Medulla Dental Papilla ```

Motor neurons

What maintains the competence of neural cells to differentiate into autonomic neurons? ``` Shh Acetylcholine Mash-1 Glial Growth Factor TGF-Beta ```

Mash-1

If trunk crest cells are transplanted into the cranial region, they can form all of the following types of cells except: ``` Pigment cells Schwann cells Sensory Neurons Cartilage Autonomic Neurons ```

Cartilage

Which of the following syndromes is characterized by reduced function of the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands, cardiovascular defects, and abnormalities of the aortic arches and is the result of a defect in the neural crest supplying the third and fourth pharyngeal arches? Neurofibromas DiGeorge syndrome Waardenburg syndrome CHARGE

DiGeorge syndrome

Most neural crest cells originating from the areas of somites 1-3 will following the circumpharyngeal path and will make up which of the following divisions? Cardiac neural crest Vagal neural crest Sympathoadrenal neural crest Spinal ganglia neural crest

Cardiac neural crest

Which of the following conclusions concerning the choroid fissure is correct? The optic nerve and the hyaloid artery both use the choroid fissure to reach the posterior chamber of the eye. Low concentrations of Shh are necessary to guide the axons of the ganglion cells along the choroid fissure to the retina. Failure of the choroid fissure to close results in the formation of cyclopia. The hyaloid artery uses the choroid fissure to reach the posterior chamber of the eye

The hyaloid artery uses the choroid fissure to reach the posterior chamber of the eye

Neural crest-derived cells constitute a significant component of which tissue of the eye? ``` Neural retina Lens Optic Nerve Cornea None of the Above ```

Cornea

What molecule plays a role in guidance of advancing retinal axons through the optic nerve? ``` Pax 2 Fgf3 BMP-4 Pax-6 BMP-7 ```

Pax 2

Surface ectoderm is induced to become corneal epithelium by an inductive event originating in which of the following? ``` Optic cup Chordamesoderm Optic Vesicle Lens Vesicle Neural Retina ```

Lens Vesicle

Which of the following is caused by failure of the choroid fissure to close during the sixth week of pregnancy? Anophthalmos Microphthalmos Cyclopia Colobomo

Colobomo

Antagonistic actions of BMP-4 and Shh, along with ventropin establish which of the following axes? The anterior-posterior axis of the cornea The anterior- posterior axis of the lens The dorsal-ventral axis of the retina The nasal-temporal fields of the retina

The dorsal-ventral axis of the retina

Except for the pharyngeal muscles, pharyngeal arch mesoderm (tendons) are derived from which of the following? Neural crest Somitomeres Paraxial mesoderm Parachordal mesoderm

Neural crest

Shaping of the snout involves the establishment of a gradient between which of the following pairs of signals? FGF-8 and Edn-1 Hox and Pax TGF-2 and BMP-4 FGF-8 and SHH

FGF-8 and SHH

In craniofacial development, segmentation of the Cranial neural tube occurs as a result of expression of which of the following genes? Sox BMP Hox TGF

Hox

In most kinds of glandular development signaling between Shh and FGF occurs between the epithelium and mesenchyme. In which of the following development processes does this signaling occur entirely with in the epithelium? Nasal Salivary Thyroid Anterior pituitary

Salivary

In molar development, induction of secondary enamel knots by the primary enamel knot followed by apoptosis of the primary enamel knot is associated with which of the following morphogenetic events? Formation of future molar cusps Induction of the ameloblast layer Induction of the odontoblast layer Formation of the dental sac

Formation of future molar cusps

At which of the following stages of tooth development do both the ameloblast and odontoblast layers first appear together? Tooth bud stage Cap stage Bell Stage Dental Sac Stage

Bell Stage

Which of the following is necessary for tooth development to continue past the bud stage? BMP-4 Shh FGF-8 Pax-9

Pax-9

Cleft lip results from lack of fusion of which of the following? Nasomedial and nasolateral processes Nasomedial and maxillary processes Nasolateral and maxillary processes Nasolateral and mandibular processes

Nasomedial and maxillary processes

Which of the following abnormalities in tooth development is characterized by teeth that appear blue-gray or amber brown and are opalescent and may be caused by mutations in type I collagen? Amelogenesis imperfecta Dentinogenesis imperfecta Enamel fluorosis KGB Syndrome

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

Which of the following develops from the cartilaginous portion of the 2nd pharyngeal arch? Meckel’s cartilage Malleus Incus Stapes

Stapes

Cranial nerve V innervates structures derived from which of the following pharyngeal arches? Pharyngeal Arch 1 Pharyngeal Arch 2 Pharyngeal Arch 3 Pharyngeal Arch 4

Pharyngeal Arch 1

Rathke’s pouch arises from which of the following? ``` Diencephalon Stomodeal ectoderm Mesencephalon Pharyngeal endoderm Infundibulum ```

Stomodeal ectoderm

Expression of which of the following genes is necessary to prevent pharyngeal arch 2 from differentiating into pharyngeal arch 1? Enfrail Pax-7 Hoxa-2 Foxd

Hoxa-2

Muscles of facial expression are innervated by cranial nerve seven. This relationship would suggest that these muscle are derived from which of the following: First Second Third Fourth

Second

In the formation of the mammalian temporomandibular articulation, several bones that are involved in the jaw articulation in lower vertebrates dissociate themselves from jaw articulation and become located in the middle ear cavity, where they function in sound transmission. The malleus of the middle ear in mammals is derived from which of the following foramen jar articulation bones? Columella Meckel’s Cartilage Quadrate Articular

Articular

Which of the following develop from the third pharyngeal pouch in response to high concentrations of Shh? Thyroid Superior parathyroids Thymus Inferior parathyroids

Inferior Parathyroids

The auditory tube is a derivative of which of the following pharyngeal pouches? First Second Third Fourth

First

Which of the following remains temporarily connected to the floor of the pharynx by a narrow duct that later forms the foramen cecum on the tongue? Thyroid Thymus Parathyroids Anterior Pituitary

Thyroid

Which of the following DO NOT form the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum)? Renal pelvis Ureter Nephrons Calyces

Nephrons

Metanephrogenic blastema are induced to condense from the surrounding mesenchyme by which of the following? Allantoic sac Mesonephric duct Pronephric Duct Ureteric Diverticulum

Ureteric Diverticulum

Potter’s facies is characteristic of an embryo exposed to which of the following? Exstrophy of the bladder Oligohydramnios Polycystic disease of the kidney Epispadias

Oligohydramnios

The ureteric epithelium, influenced by BMP-4, forms which of the following proteins necessary to render the epithelium of the ureter impermeable to water? Sprouty Gremlins Uroplakins Uvomorulin

Uroplakins

Which of the following factors determine the craniocaudal limits of the early urinary system? Lim-1 Hox 4-11 genes Retinoic Acid Pax-2 and Pax-8

Hox 4-11 genes

Sprouty and Gremlin are involved in the development of which of the following? Teeth Kidneys Tongue Salivary Gland

Kidneys

The presence of the SRY gene is directly associated with which of the following? Switching of the indifferent gonad to a testis Switching of the indifferent gonad to an ovary Retention of the Mullerian Ducts Development of secondary male characteristics

Switching of the indifferent gonad to a testis

The scrotum and labia major a develop from which of the following primordia? Genital tubercle Genital swellings Genital Folds A combination of

Genital swellings

In the genetic male, Sertoli cells develop from which of the following? Rete cords Sex cords Efferent Ductules Cortex of the indifferent gonad

Sex cords→ these become seminiferous tubules

In a genetic male, mesonephric tubules in the vicinity of the gonad will form which of the following? Rete cords Sex cords Efferent Ductules Mesonephric Duct

Efferent Ductules

The conversion of primordial germ cells into meiosis competent cells depends on which of the following factors? Dazl Retinoic acid Nanos-2 Stra-8

Dazl

The internal carotids are derived from which of the following pairs of aortic arches? Third Fourth Fifth Sixth

Third

The hepatic portal vein develops from which of the following fetal vessels? Left vitelline Right vitelline Left Umbilical Right Umbilical

Left Umbilical

Which of the following best describes the function of the ductus venosus? It will become the left hepatic vein It carries food-laden blood form the yolk sac to the hepatic capillary network It drains the hepatic capillary networks into the sinus venosus It permits the incoming oxygenated placental blood to bypass the capillary networks of the liver

It permits the incoming oxygenated placental blood to bypass the capillary networks of the liver

The ductus arteriosus shunt in the fetus becomes the ligamentum arteriosus in the adult. It is derived from the dorsal portion of which of the following structures? Right fourth aortic arch Left fourth aortic arch Right sixth aortic arch Left sixth aortic arch

Left sixth aortic arch

Hemangioblasts originate from the posterolateral mesoderm during gastrulation and organize into blood islands in the yolk around day 18. They become divided into two lineages. Which of the following factors is responsible for establishing the endothelial lineage? Runx-1 Hox 3 VEGF-A Angiopoietin

Hox 3

The initial formation of the cardiac tube is guided by which of the following? Tbx-2 Tbx-5 Pax-6 Shh

Tbx-2

During cardiac development, the distal region of the bulbus cordis (outflow tract) is derived from which of the following? Primary cardiac field Secondary cardiac field Neural Crest Septocondal Ridges

Neural Crest

Absence of hand-2 results in the absence of which of the following cardiac structures? Left ventricle Right ventricle Left Atrium Right Atrium

Right ventricle

The proximal region of the outflow tract of the development heart is derived from which of the following sources? Primary heart field Secondary heart field Neural Crest Conotruncal Septa

Secondary heart field

Which of the following adult heart components is derived for the secondary embryonic heart field? Left ventricle Right ventricle Left Atrium Right Atrium

Right ventricle

The foramen ovale is a right-left cardiac shunt and is structurally associated with which of the following cardiac structures? Septum primum Septum secundum Foramen Primum Foramen Secundum

Foramen Secundum

Which of the following states is TRUE concentering the characteristics of the the three stages of kidney development in human embryos? The pronephros is functional only in the first few weeks of human embryonic development; the mesonephros is functional for a short period after that, and the metanephros is functional through the development of the fetus. The mesonephros is the functional kidney in the human embryo and the pronephric duct is necessary to form the mesonephric ducts. The pronephric duct forms the mesonephric duct, and the mesonephric tubules will become associated with the metanephric duct to form the metanephric kidney. The mesonephric duct will become associated with the development of the male reproductive system and the pronephric duct will become associated with the development of the female Mullerian duct.

The mesonephros is the functional kidney in the human embryo and the pronephric duct is necessary to form the mesonephric ducts.

Partitioning of the single ventricle into a left and right chamber begins during which of the following developmental periods? Third week Fourth week Fifth Week Seventh Week

Fifth Week

The tracheal primordium extend from the ventral floor of the foregut and will later have to be separated from the foregut lume (future esophagus) b ya septum. The separation is accomplished by a pair of lateral ridges that fuse toward the midline from posterior to anterior. Which of the following factors is responsible for initiating the formation of the septum? Wnt Hox6 BMP4 FoxA3

Wnt

The initial site for the development of the respiratory system is from the floor of the pharynx (ventral foregut). Which of the following factors marks the site (as well as the site of the thyroid diverticulum)? Wnt BMP4 Nkx2.1 FGF10

Nkx2.1

The large, ventral portion of the respiratory diaphragm is derived from which of the following primordia? Pleuropericardial folds Falciform ligament Pleuroperitoneal folds Septum Transversum

Septum Transversum

Exam 3 Review Questions Flashcards

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