Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Host And Defense - Exam 3 > Exam 3 - The Immune Response - STUDY THIS CARD DECK > Flashcards

Exam 3 - The Immune Response - STUDY THIS CARD DECK Flashcards

1
Q

Tell me what the immune system is doing at rest.

A

Barrier establishment and evolution and pre-emotive immunity at mucosal surfaces

WBC proliferation, development, recirculation

Complement production and circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tell me three things the immune system does during infection.

A

-Immediate innate response
—Antimicrobial peptides
—Complement

-Induced innate response
—Macrophage and DC activation
—Acute phase and interferon response
—PMN infiltration
—NK cell response

-Adaptive immune response
—B and T cell activation and differentiation
—Antibody production by plasma cells
—CD8 T cell cytotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tell me what happens if antimicrobial peptides and complement fail to destroy invading microorganisms.

A

DC migrate to lymph nodes

Phagocytes action

NK cells activated

Cytokines and chemokines produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are pathogens trapped and phagocytosed?

A

Lymphoid tissue

-Adaptive immunity initiated by migrating DCs

—Infection cleared by specific antibody, T cell dependent macrophage activation and cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F - Mucosal barriers protect internal tissues.

A

TRUE

-Sinuses, trachea, lungs, bladder, vagina, mammary glands, intestines, stomach, esophagus, GI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three compartments of mucosal tissues?

A

Epi
-Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) - gamma:delta T cells, CD8 T cells, and memory CD8 cells

Lamina propria
-Lymphatic tissue
-Gamma:delta T cells
-CD8 cells
-CD4 T cells
—TH1
—TH17
-Plasma cells and memory B cells
-Macrophages
-DCs

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

  • Specialized
  • Lymph node like
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What peptides are in mucosal/glandular secretions?

A

Lysozyme

Lactoferrin
-Milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What peptides are in skin, mucosal/glandular secretions?

A

-Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor

-S100 proteins
—Psoriasin - Disrupts membranes
—Calprotectin - Bind diva lent cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What peptides are at the mucosal epithelia?

A

-Defensins (alpha/beta)
—Disrupts membranes, creates pores
—Alpha: PMNs
—Beta: Epithelial cells

-Cathelicidin
—Disrupts membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The surfactant proteins are found where?

A

Secretions of respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alpha:Beta T cells - Bind what?

Gamma:delta T cells - Bind what?

A

MHC-like ligands
—Peptides

CD1
—Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TH17 releases what and recruit what?

A

Cytokines

PMNs
—IL-17, IL-22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 main granulocytes?

A

PMNs

Eosinophils

Basophils

*Mast cells come from an unknown precursor, but related to the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Monocytes become?

A

Macrophage

DC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common cells found in blood serum?

A

Never Let Men Eat Burritos

N - Neutrophils

L - Lymphocytes

M - Monocytes

E - Eosinophils

B - Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tell me about lymphocyte circulation.

A

Maximizes likelihood of antigen encounter

~24 hrs for a single lymphocyte to completely circulate

1:100k lymphocytes bind a presented antigen

DCs probed by 5000 T cells/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is positive selection?

A

Selecting for a cell that reacts how its supposed to

B cell

  • Negative selection first, then positive selection
  • Positive selection in periphery
  • Follows cytokines to LN
  • Interacts with follicular DC

T cell

  • Positive selection first, then negative selection
  • T cell receptor can bind to proper MHC class
  • Positive selection will determine CD4 or CD8
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is negative selection?

A

Making sure it doesn’t react to self.

When in its organ or maturation, if it reacts to self, it goes through apoptosis

When in the periphery, if it reacts to self, it goes through anergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is differentiation?

A

B cells differ into plasma and memory cells

CD8 T cells - Cytotoxic or Memory cell

ALL CELLS HAVE MEMORY

CD4 T cells - Thx (Th1/Th2/Th17, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which cells are the bridge b/t innate and adaptive systems?

A

DCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DRAW out complement.

A

DO IT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F - Activated macrophages secrete a range of cytokines.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cytokines, released via activated macrophages, are pro-inflammatory?

A

IL-1beta (systemic and local) - FEVER

TNF-alpha (systemic and local) - Inflammation, fever, shock

IL-6 (systemic and local) - FEVER

CXCL8 (local) - Recruit PMNs

IL-12 (local) - Activate NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Acute phase proteins are produced in what organ?

A

LIVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some acute phase proteins?

A

C reactive protein

Mannose binding lectin

LPS-binding protein

Complement

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, serum amyloid A, phospholipase A2

Fibrinogen, plasminogen, tissue plasminogen factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T/F - Most infections are STOPPED at the epithelium.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is inflammation harmful at mucosal surfaces?

A

If barrier integrity is lost, then pathogens are close to the vasculature and can get into the body unrestricted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tell me how a PMN extravasates.

A

Rolling adhesion

Tight binding

Diapedesis

Migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When is the interferon response?

A

When infection establishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What cells release interferon?

A

Virus-infected cells

IFN-alpha, IFN-beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does interferon do?

A

Induce resistance to viral replication in all cells

Increase expressions of ligands for receptors on NK cells

Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T/F - Activated NK cells destroy target tissues.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the FOUR antigen presenting cells?

A

DCs

Macrophages

B cells

Gamma:delta T cells

34
Q

What does a normal cell do when interacting with an NK cell?

A

Presents peptide and this is the inhibitory signal

Has stimulatory ligand

-NK cell does NOT kill the cell as the inhibitory signal overrides the stimulatory ligand

35
Q

What happens when an NK cell interacts with a cell missing MHC?

A

Stimulatory receptor bind the stimulatory ligand

No inhibitory signal b/c MHC is not there

DEATH

36
Q

What happens when a cell with an intracellular infection interacts with an NK cell?

A

There are more stimulatory ligands expressed on the stressed cell surface, and those overcome the inhibitory signal

DEATH

37
Q

DC cells pick up bacterial antigen where?

A

Skin

Then move to enter a draining lymphatic vessel

DCs with antigen go to draining LN, where they settle in the T cell areas

38
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

Recruit stuff

-Especially PMNs

39
Q

What IL drives the acute phase response?

A

IL-6

40
Q

PMNs favorite chemokine is what?

A

CXCL8

The receptors are CXCR1/2

41
Q

T cells browse, bind, and are activated by _______ _______.

A

Dendritic cells

42
Q

B cells capture antigen from _________ and __________ __________ __________.

A

Macrophages

Follicular dendritic cells

43
Q

B and T cells form ________ pairs at the _________ boundary.

A

Cognate

Follicle

44
Q

What do perforins do?

A

Perforate the membrane, allowing granzymes thru those holes

45
Q

What do granzymes do?

A

Serine proteases

-Chew things up

46
Q

NK cells can kill in 3 ways.

A

Death-receptor (Most specific) - FASL, FAS, TRAIL

Granules exocytosis (medium specific) - release of granules

IFN-gamma, nitric oxide (broadly specific)
-Release nitric oxide

47
Q

B cells present antigen to what?

A

T follicular helper cells

48
Q

Dendritic cells present to what?

A

T cells

49
Q

Macrophages present to what?

A

B cells

50
Q

B cells grabs a free floating antigen, it is activated thru what?

A

Thymus-independent

51
Q

If B and T cells form a cognate pair, then what?

A

Thymus-dependent pathway

-Forms pair, goes to medulla
—Called primary focus
—Produce IgM

-Then to the germinal center
—B cell somatic hypermutation, class switching
52
Q

What happens to T cells in the lymph node?

A

APC activation

T cell proliferation and differentiation

-T cells bind DCs to browse
-If activated, it will bind to that DC
—Cluster around the DC
-T cells clonally expand

53
Q

What are the 3 APC signals?

A

Activation - TCR MHC I or MHC II

Co-stimulatory signal - CD28

Differentiation - cytokines

54
Q

What do Tfh cells do to aid in B cell activation? 5 things

A

Stimulate proliferation

Centroblast formation

Class switching and somatic hypermutation

Provide survival signals to FDC selected centroblasts

Plasma or memory cell differentiation

55
Q

Where do B cells differentiate into plasma cells?

A

Primary focus
—Proliferation of IgM secreting B cells for several days
—Driven by IL-5 and IL-6

Secondary focus
—B cells rapidly divide every 6 hrs to form centroblasts and germinal centers driven by: IL-6, IL-15, and BAFF

56
Q

Antibody neutralization of virus and toxin results in what?

A

Prevents pathogen-host binding

57
Q

Antibody Opsonization results in what?

A

Phagocytosis

58
Q

Complement results in what?

A

Phagocytosis

OR

Lysis

59
Q

Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

A

NK-induced apoptosis

60
Q

T/F - CD8 T cells kill one cell at a time.

A

TRUE

*Co-stimulation is not req’d, only TCR activation

61
Q

What does CD8 T look for?

A

MHC I

  • Expressing NON-self antigen
  • Only needs T cell receptor to kill
62
Q

How does the adaptive immune system improve with time?

A

B cells

  • Increased Ab concentration
  • Improved Ab affinity

T cells

  • Memory T cells
  • Population expansion
  • Persistence
63
Q

Inhibition of peripheral ___________ cells induces ___________ cell development.

A

Th17

Treg

64
Q

What happens in immune resolution and repair?

A

Inflammatory cytokine reduction

Anti-inflammatory cytokines

Treg cell signaling and development
-Release TGF-beta

T cell CTLA4 expression
-Leads to the inhibition of activated T cells
—Outcompetes CD28

65
Q

Th1 cells are induced by what?

And release what?

A

IL-12
IFN-gamma

IL-12
IFN-gamma

66
Q

Th17 cells are induced by what?

And release what?

A

IL-16
TGF-beta
IL-23

IL-17
IL-6

67
Q

Th2 cells are induced by what?

And release what?

A

IL-4

IL-4
IL-5

68
Q

Tfh cells are induced by what?

And release what?

A

IL-6
IL-21

IL-21

69
Q

Treg cells are induced by what?

And release what?

A

TGF-beta

TGF-beta
IL-10

70
Q

CD8 T cells kill what?

A

Virus-infected cells

71
Q

Bacteria interact with what TLRs?

And cause the macrophage to release what IL?

And cause what T helper cell to release what?

A

TLR4, TLR5

IL-12

Th1, IFN-gamma

72
Q

Fungi interact with what non-TLR receptor?

And cause the macrophage to release what to ILs?

And cause what T helper cell to release what?

A

Dectin-1

IL-6, IL-23

Th17, IL-17

73
Q

Helminths interact with what?

And cause the macrophage to release what?

And cause what T helper cell to release what?

A

TLR2/1

IL-10

Th2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

74
Q

Fungi also interact with what TLR?

And cause the macrophage to release what?

And cause what T helper cell to release what?

A

TLR2/6

IL-10, RA, TGF-beta

Treg, IL-10, TGF-beta

75
Q

Viruses interact with what TLRs?

And cause the macrophage to release what?

And cause what T helper cell to release what?

A

TLR 3, 7, 9

IL-12

Th1, IFN-gamma

76
Q

Th1 cells take care of what type of infection?

A

Intracellular infections

-Usually viruses

77
Q

Th2 cells take care of which type of infection?

A

Large, multicellular infections

-Parasites

78
Q

Tfh cells take care of what type of infection?

A

NONE

-Help B cells become activated, switch Isotype, and increase Ab affinity

79
Q

Th17 cells take care of what type of infection?

A

Fungal

AND

Extracellular bacterial infections

At mucosal surfaces

80
Q

What do Treg cells do?

A

Suppress the activities of other effector T cells

Host And Defense - Exam 3 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions