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1
Q

North America is made up of 3 different types of landforms- what are they, and can you describe/define them?

A

Shield- large area of Precambrian rock that forms the core of a continent

Highlands- areas of high elevation containing mountains and plateaus

Lowlands- areas of low elevation containing plants and hills

2
Q

Tributary

A

River or stream flowing into a larger River or lake

Ex) the Illinois River

3
Q

River Mouth

A

End of a River, lowest point of a River, where the dirtiest water is

4
Q

River source

A

Start of a River, beginning, where there is the freshest water

5
Q

Delta

A

Area of low, flat land (sometimes in triangle shape) where a River divides into several smaller rivers before flowing into the ocean
Ex) Mississippi delta

6
Q

Drainage Basin

A

a low bowl shaped area that other bodies of water flow into

Ex) Hudson’s bay

7
Q

Continental Divide

A

Division between drainage basins

Ex) mountains

8
Q

Watershed

A

Land where freshwater is, draining into drainage basins.

Ex) Mississippi River water shed

9
Q

Map Projections, list and describe.

A

Mercator - this map projection maintains accurate compass bearings between points, but greatly distorts size of land masses, particularly at the poles

Winkel Tripel -provides the best balance between size, shape, distance, and direction between the real world and a map projection

10
Q

List and describe the parts of a map

A
  1. Title- area shown, topic/purpose/focus
  2. Legend- explains symbols and colours
  3. Scale- compares difference between points on a map with actual distance between those points on earth
  4. Date of publication- indicates how recent the info is
  5. Direction- represented by direction arrow/symbol or longitude and latitude
  6. Borders- set the map apart from other info
11
Q

Latitude Lines

A

These lines run east to west, yet they measure North or South of the Equator

12
Q

Scale

A

Compares difference between points on a map with the actual difference between points on earths surface

13
Q

Small Scale Maps

A

These maps show small detail of a larger area

14
Q

Large scales maps

A

These maps show big detail of a smaller area

15
Q

Topographical Maps

A

Large scale map showing both natural and human made features

16
Q

Compass Bearing

A

Degrees on a compass, measured in clock-wise direction from 0degrees North to 360degrees

17
Q

Compass Point

A

Direction on a compass, such as North, south

18
Q

North, East, South, West

A

The cardinal directions

19
Q

GPS

A

A system which uses 3 satellites to triangulate exact locations on Earths surface

20
Q

Time zone

A

Division of earths surface, usually extending across 15 degrees longitude, that establishes a uniform time

21
Q

Compass rose

A

This lovely geometric design on a map clearly shows the main directions

22
Q

International Date Line

A

Line that generally follows the 180degree line of longitude where one day ends and the next begins.

23
Q

Prime Meridian

A

An imaginary line through Greenwich England dividing the globe into an Eastern and Western Hemisphere

24
Q

GIS- geographic information systems

A

Integrated software package for the input, management, analysis, and display of spatial info

25
Q

Landform Regions in North America

A
  1. Canadian Shield
  2. Rocky Mountains
  3. Appalachian Highlands
  4. Pacific Ranges
  5. Western Plateaus, Ranges, & Basins
  6. Central American Highlands
  7. Costal Lowlands
  8. Interior Plains & Lowlands
  9. Caribbean Islands
26
Q

Equator

A

Imaginary line around the earth dividing it into a northern and Southern Hemisphere

27
Q

Standard Time

A

Every place within a time zone has the same time, which is referred to as standard time

28
Q

Longitude Lines

A

Lines that measure distance east and west of the prime meridian, vertical

29
Q

Representative Fraction (RF) scale

A

Scale on a map given as a ratio of distance on the map to distance on the ground, such as 1:500,000.
Never uses units. Only a ratio.

30
Q

How many main 1 hr time zones are there on earth ?

A

24

31
Q

How many degrees wide are each of the time zones?

A

15 degrees

32
Q

Where is the Peace Tower located?

A

Parliament Buildings in Ottawa

33
Q

As one moves ________ on a map the time will get earlier.

A

West/ right

34
Q

Turning cm into km involves moving the decimal __ places to the left.

A

5

35
Q

Alpha Numeric Grid Location

A

A symbol that uses letters and numbers to describe where a place is located on the grid of a map. The letter and number represent a point on a grid.

36
Q

Cartographer

A

Map maker

37
Q

Turn 1:50,000 into a direct statement scale.

A

1 cm is equal to 0.5 km in the real world.

38
Q

1:10,000 into a direct statement scale

A

1 cm is equal to .1 km in real life.

39
Q

1 cm is equal to 120 km in real life turn into RF scale

A

1:12,000,000

40
Q

Direct statement scale

A

Words are used to describe the relationship between a distance on a map and a specific distance on earths surface

41
Q

Human factors affecting production and use of various types of food

A
  1. genetically modified organisms
  2. Fertilizers
  3. herbicides, insecticides
  4. machinery
42
Q

Grid system

A

A pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines forming squares on a map, chart, or even a picture

43
Q

Coordinates

A

Any set of two or more numbers used to determine the position of a point, line, or location on a map

44
Q

What type of farming would 1280 acres of barley grown in souther Manitoba be classified as?

A

Cash cropping extensive

45
Q

What type of farming would 50 acres of Vineyard in the wine region of niagara on the lake in southern Ontario be classified as?

A

Intensive/cash cropping

46
Q

What type of farming would a CAFO be classified into?

A

Intensive/ cash cropping

47
Q

What type of farming- a herd of 1000 free range cattle, which mainly eat grass on a fenced in prairie

A

Cash cropping extensive

48
Q

What type of farming- a family’s 4 acre garden in Sierra Leone

A

Intensive/subsistence

49
Q

The way we eat has changed more in the past 50 years than in the previous _____ years.

A

10,000

50
Q

The modern American supermarket has on average ________ products.

A

47,000

51
Q

McDonald’s is the largest purchaser of _________ & _________.

A

Potatoes and beef

52
Q

In the 1970s the top 5 beef packers controlled only about 25% of the market. Today the top 4 control about _____% of the market.

A

80%

53
Q

Chickens in modern times are grown ____ as big in _____ the time as compared with 60 years ago.

A

Twice/half

54
Q

Chickens must also be _______ to aid in the slaughtering process.

A

Uniform in size

55
Q

“So much of our industrial food turns out to be clever rearrangements of _________.”

A

Corn

56
Q

CAFOS are…..

A

Responsible for an increase in E.Coli in beef.
Petroleum dependent farming operations
An example of intensive farming
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

57
Q

Why is it that you can buy a double cheeseburger for 99 cents and you can’t even get a head of broccoli for 99 cents?

A

Beef is fed governmentally subsidized corn
Tax dollars are used to cheapen the price of commodity crops
We have skewed our taxation to cheapen bad calories.

58
Q

Smithfield processing plant in tar hill kills ______ per day.

A

32,000 hogs

59
Q

Large companies like Pepsi, Kraft, and Kellogg’s don’t grow organically, they grow by _________.

A

Acquisition

60
Q

What does the Monsanto company do?

A

Research and develop seeds
Have 75 employees on hire to persecute farmers on their black list
Work with GMOs
Hold patents on seeds

61
Q

To bring a cow to slaughter is _______ gallons of oil.

A

75

62
Q

Selective breeding

A

Process of developing specific plant or animal species to increase yields, improve hardiness or pest resistance

63
Q

Subsistence farming

A

For your family

64
Q

Cash cropping

A

For money

65
Q

Extensive

A

large area, less work, crop farm

66
Q

Intensive

A

Small area, more work, animal farm

67
Q

Transgenic Crops/Animals

A

Created when biotechnologists move desirable genes from one organism to another

68
Q

Malnutrition

A

A condition in which health is harmed by an unbalanced diet

69
Q

Starvation

A

Extreme form of hunger in which the body begins to consume its own proteins, and resultingly looses mass

70
Q

Sustainable farming

A

Word describing agricultural production that does no harm to its environment.

71
Q

Subsistence farming

A

Growing crops and livestock to meet immediate needs for families.

72
Q

Whole apple

A

Earth

73
Q

3/4 Apple

A

Oceans

74
Q

1/4 Apple

A

Land

75
Q

1/8 Apple

A

Inhospitable land to people & unarable

76
Q

1/8 Apple (2)

A

Where people live

77
Q

3/32 Apple

A

Habitable, unarable

78
Q

1/32 Apple

A

Arable

79
Q

1/32 Apple (peel)

A

Soil

80
Q

The funk family farm raises grain, alfalfa, and corn on land that was once;

A

A short grass prairie

81
Q

Irrigation

A

Moving water for farming

82
Q

Aquifer

A

Underground water supply full of gravel, rocks, sand

83
Q

Name several states in which the “Ogalalla Aquifer” can be found

A
South Dakota 
Nebraska
Colorado 
Texas
Oklahoma
New Mexico
Kansas 
Wyoming
84
Q

The Ogalalla aquifer is currently being used up __ times faster than it is being replenished.

A

25

85
Q

What will this mean for the future of this environment?

A

Lack of successful crops

86
Q

A dryly do farmer needs _______ the amount of land as an irrigating farmer to earn the same income.

A

4 times

87
Q

What was the effect of having central pivot sprinklers?

A

Watering more land evenly, hilly land

88
Q

Name other types of irrigation

A

Drip
Flood
Central pivot

89
Q

Pros of GMOs

A
  • grow faster
  • resist disease
  • ex) cow, produce more milk on less feed
  • ex) pigs more feed efficient, produce leather meat
  • cancer research
90
Q

Cons GMOs

A
  • may lead to the creation of “superbugs” resistant to the effects of pesticides
  • “superweeds” resistant to herbicides
  • royalties and technical fees to farmers who use them
  • more hybrid seeds have to be bought
  • can disrupt the natural environment of organisms
  • safety is questionable
91
Q

Population Density

A

=population / area (km2)

92
Q

Low density residential land use

A

Where land value is low

93
Q

High density residential land use

A

Where land is more costly

94
Q

Two factors that affect residential density?

A

Cost

Neighbourhood

95
Q

Three different major types of roads

A

Expressways- largest capacity roads
Arterial roads- carry moderate amounts of traffic quickly over short distances
Travel Paths- smaller and narrower

96
Q

Low order goods

A

Convenience store, inventory such as candy bars, newspapers, milk, bread, lottery tickets

97
Q

Middle order goods

A

CDs, calculators, clothing

98
Q

High order goods

A

Items purchased infrequently, such as a car/ something expensive

99
Q

Local service centre

A

Corner stores providing low order goods ie) redi mart

100
Q

Neighbourhood plazas and ribbons

A

Businesses located in long strips, local people and drive by customers. Comparison shop.

101
Q

Community shopping centres (mall)

A

Major street intersections, large cities. Shopping needs usually always satisfied. Department stores located on either sides as anchors for the mall.

102
Q

Regional shopping centre (mall)

A

Have stores that can be found in smaller shopping centres as well as special stores that require high threshold population.

103
Q

Central business district

A

Downtown, greatest concentration of tallest buildings. Office space. Financial, retail, entertainment, hotel use.

104
Q

Four types of industrial land uses

A

CBD industries
Ribbon industries
Suburban industrial parks
Suburban industry parks

105
Q

How do land values affect land use?

A

Land values are highest in areas in the city that are most accessible. CBD- highest land values. Also high along major transportation routes. Lots for new houses values increasing.

106
Q

The healthiest cities are….

A

In a constant state of flux, more constant change

107
Q

Digging in London, to build underground train systems, workers came across

A

Fragment of roman roof tile from 50 A.D.

108
Q

Hoards of people moved to cities in the 18th century as a result of the

A

Industrial Revolution

109
Q

London’s initial construction of underground mass transit began in this year. Which other 2 large cities followed suit, according to the film?

A

Year: 1858
Cities: New York and Paris

110
Q

Who is generally credited with the invention of the light bulb? What does Canadian history have to say about this ?

A

Thomas Edison

Evans and Woodward

111
Q

How does the advent of electricity change life and the character of cities ?

A
Night life
Night shifts
Can't see stars
Transportation
Sleep patterns
112
Q

Who were the first people to move water in a systematic way? What did they use to move it? How much water did they move? When did this begin?

A

Romans
Used gravity, pushed water along aqueducts
85,000,000 gallons per day

113
Q

What year were the two main aqueducts in New York made?

A

1885

1928

114
Q

What significant sewage technology develops in the mid 19th century? What is significant about the year 1858 in London’s House of Commons?

A

Flushable toilet

Terrible stench, workers had to leave

115
Q

In digesting nutrients out of sewage, our alley is

______? What is given off in this process?

A

Bacteria

Methane

116
Q

How many flushes per second are there in London from 2.5 million people?

A

10,000

117
Q

Cities are often developed in one of two ways. Name and describe these two.

A

Natural organic- medieval city

Planned

118
Q

What 3 facts can you recall about the city Teotihuacan ?

A

First huge urban development
Orthogonal
Centre of universe where time began

119
Q

What must a city do to avoid flaring up and dying according to the film?

A

Respond to its populations needs, adaptation

120
Q

Some future concerns cities of the future will need to address in order to remain healthy

A
Clean water
Overpopulation
Food supply
Disease
Virus 
Infection
Transportation 
Pollution
Technology
121
Q

In the 14th century, play killed off approx ____% of the population.

A

50

122
Q

2 technological developments that allowed skyscrapers to be built?

A

Stronger lighter steel beams

Elevator

123
Q

Size and age of Woolworth Building NY

A

1913

58 stories high

124
Q

Two post skyscraper events which slow and stop large urban building projects in the 1930s and 1940s?

A

Depression

World War 2

125
Q

WW2 trend in city development? How are residential areas designed differently? Which president had a say in this?

A

Interstate program
Eisenhower
Robert Moses

126
Q

In moving traffic around a city, what means of transportation is oftentimes largely not considered?

A

Pedestrians, bikers, trains

“Verazanno bridge”

127
Q

How are industry, economy, and health related in this part of the film?

A

Income–>success–> tax

Industry–>fail–> no tax

128
Q

How have computers changed the way traffic flows?

A

Traffic light control monitors

Re route around accidents

129
Q

Portland

A
Tore up a freeway that ran through the city 
Controversy in legislature 
Creation of Portland development system
Public parks out of garages
Affordable riverfront property
Success known around world
Reinvest money in rapid transit
130
Q

Noteworthy things about Brasilia

A
Capital of country
Lead country into techno future
Modern new era
Built in 5 years 
100s of roads built 40,000 ppl labour
Shape of jet plane
No neighbourhoods or street names only sectors
131
Q

What does a city need to be sustainable, viable, and thrive?

A

Accessible, mass transit, meet everyone’s needs

132
Q

The only significant water in the west comes from the

A

Colorado river

133
Q

The Colorado river was unusable by human beings until the building of the ________.

A

Hoover dam

134
Q

Seven states that share the water of the Colorado river?

A
Utah 
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Nevada 
California
Arizona
135
Q

_______ per capita water use is among the highest in the country.

A

Las Vegas’

136
Q

Some ways we can conserve water?

A
Flush less
Shorter showers
Don't pour anything in water 
Use dishwater once a day
Non drinkable water for lawns 
Don't water the lawn 
Different agriculture types 
Reuse water
Less resorts
137
Q

Why are landfills problematic for watersheds?

A

They’re contaminating the water.

138
Q

Describe Toxic Alley

A
Toxic dumps litter the landscape
Allow chemicals to leak into underground streams
Contamination 
43 toxic hotspots located here
DCB, Dioxin
139
Q

Why did the families of Love Canal make news?

A

Health conditions; arthritis, tumours, cancer rates, she can never have children again, 22,000 tones toxic waste, hysterectomy

140
Q

What is dioxin?health concerns?

A

A by-product of paper bleaching, insecticide, messes with hormone levels, causes cancer.

141
Q

How can we conserve or protect our water in our own environment in southern Manitoba ? List at least 5

A
Don't pour toxic chemicals in water
Promote healthy ecosystems
Use less water
Don't litter 
Water lawn/ outdoor plants early or late in the day
142
Q

Urban sprawl

A

Low density development surrounding a city

143
Q

Mass transit

A

An urban transportation system capable of moving a large number of people in and around a city.

144
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

Outward spread of knowledge and influence from a large centre

145
Q

Basic industry

A

Activity that brings money to a community

146
Q

Non basic industry

A

Activity that circulates money from within a community

147
Q

Threshold population

A

Minimum number of customers required for an urban service to exist.

148
Q

Transportation hub

A

City that is in a position to be a major transportation centre.

149
Q

Hinterland

A

Area around a town that trades with a town

150
Q

Infrastructure

A

A system of public works such as schools, libraries, bridges, roads, and sewage/ water systems for example.

151
Q

Industrial city

A

City that grows around an industry

152
Q

Economic base

A

All functions and activities on which a city depends for the bulk of its financial existence

153
Q

Resource based city

A

City that exists because of s useful natural commodity located nearby

154
Q

Land use zoning

A

How urban, suburban, or rural land is and can be used over an areas ie) parks, housing, agriculture

155
Q

Transect

A

Line through a community along which land use or other data are analyzed.

156
Q

Census tract

A

Smallest urban area used for census data collection

157
Q

Who was Jane Jacobs and what did she write

A

Urban planner

The death and life of great American cities

158
Q

Unique about naheed nenshi?

A

Canada’s first Muslim mayor
Deep understanding of urban issues
Public transit his preferred choice
Wants to completely transform Calgary

159
Q

3 D’s?

A

Density
Diversity
Sense of Discovery

160
Q

Spot intensification

A

Emphasis of what goes around a certain area , increase density

161
Q

What are some of nenshi’s ideas that he would like to implement in Calgary?

A

Develop unused downtown lands
Spot intensification residential neighbourhoods
High rises around transit stops and redevelop low rise strip malls into mud rise retail and residential buildings
Build smarter suburbs

162
Q

Conventional energy source

A

Well established source of energy such as oil, natural gas, coal, hydro- and nuclear energy

163
Q

Alternative energy source

A

Non conventional energy source such as solar, wind, and biomass energy

164
Q

Hydroelectricity- Pros

A
  1. Plants are cheap to operate since no fuel to buy
  2. Does not produce air pollution
  3. Renewable resource
  4. Reservoir can be used for fishing and boating
165
Q

Hydroelectricity- Cons

A
  1. plants very costly to build
  2. Suitable sites often far from areas where electricity is needed
  3. Building of dams requires flooding of low lying areas, which destroys everything in those areas and causes the release of dangerous chemicals
  4. Significantly affects the lives of people who live in the flooded areas
166
Q

Thermal-electricity- pros

A
  1. Plants can be built where electricity is needed or where fuel is cheaply available, shorter transmission lines needed
  2. Plants less expensive to build.
167
Q

Thermal electricity- cons

A
  1. fuel costs high
  2. Non renewable resources
  3. contributes to global warming
  4. Acid rain
168
Q

Nuclear electricity pros

A
  1. Plants can be built where energy is needed, transmission costs are low
  2. Operating costs are low
  3. canada has an abundant supply of uranium
  4. No air pollution
169
Q

Nuclear electricity cons

A
  1. Construction costs high
  2. Radioactive materials very hazardous to human health
  3. Waste products from the plants remain dangerous for 100,000 years
  4. Plants will have to be rebuilt or replaced at an enormous cost
170
Q

Primary industry

A

Industry that deals with the production of primary products such as minerals that are mined or quarried, or agricultural product harvested in its raw state

171
Q

Secondary industry

A

Industry dealing with manufacturing or construction

172
Q

Tertiary industry

A

Industries that provide service rather than goods

173
Q

Quaternary industry

A

Highly specialized (usually expensive) knowledge based technological and support services

174
Q

Multiplier effect

A

Is the idea that non basic industry will succeed if basic industry is thriving, is also known as the snowball effect

175
Q

Carbon footprint

A

Phrase used in considering the total greenhouse gas emissions generated by an event, organization, or individual.

176
Q

Top 3 energy uses in Canada?

A

Oil
Natural gas
Electricity

177
Q

How does hydroelectricity generate power?

A

Uses the force of water moving from a higher to a lower elevation to drive the electric generator

178
Q

How does thermal energy generate power?

A

Steam, rather than moving water, is used to turn turbines which in turn causes generator to turn

179
Q

How does a nuclear plant generate electricity?

A

Heat comes from radiatoactive breakdown of uranium atoms. Heat is used to boil water which produces the steam that turns the turbines