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Psychology 362 - Cognitive Neuroscience > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

The first step to treat epilepsy is to localize _________ _________

A

Epileptogenic zone

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2
Q

The intracranial EEG (iEEG) surgical treatment proceeds in these two steps

A
  1. Electrodes are implanted in the brain

2. Surgery during which the epileptogenic zone is removal

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3
Q

In intracranial EEG (iEEG), it is important to localize the __________ zone and to localize _______ cortex (areas that if removed, will result in a loss of language or other functions)

A

Epileptogenic; Functional

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4
Q

The main advantages of intracranial EEG (iEEG) are that it can localize generators of ___, and the iEEG signal is much _____ and _______ than when measured on the scalp

A

ERPs; larger and cleaner

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5
Q

The main disadvantages of intracranial EEG (iEEG) are related to clinical risks such as possibility of ________ or _________.

A

Infection; Hemmorage

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6
Q

EEG is recorded ______ the brain with Electrocorticography (ECoG) and Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG)

A

Inside

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7
Q

Electrocorticography (ECoG) has subdural electrode ______ or strips placed on the exposed surface of the brain below the dura matter after the skull bones are lifted.

A

Grids

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8
Q

Electrocorticography (ECoG) is preferred for clinical situations in which the epileptogenic zone involves the _______ _______ ________.

A

Lateral cerebral convexity

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9
Q

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) has _____ ____________ electrodes that are planted into brain tissue at some depth.

A

Depth multicontact

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10
Q

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) relies on a __ grid system that allows for stereotaxic navigation and _________ __________ through small holes in the skull.

A

3D; Electrode positioning

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11
Q

Indivuduals who are _________________ become surgery candidates for epilepsy.

A

Pharmacoresistant

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12
Q

N170 is generated in the ________ gyrus and is larger to _____.

A

Fusiform; faces

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13
Q

Later deflections of ERP’s (after 300-400ms) are generated in the ________ ________ and _______ _______ cortex to both faces and words (cognitive processing and integration stages).

A

Anterior temporal; ventral frontal

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14
Q

Spatio-Temporal Model of cognitive processing has early ______ processing at ~___ms in the occipital cortex.

A

Visual; 100

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15
Q

Spatio-Temporal Model of cognitive processing has ________-________ encoding at ~___ms in the fusiform gyrus.

A

Material-Specific; 170

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16
Q

Spatio-Temporal Model of cognitive processing has cognitive integration at ~___-___ms in the anterior temporal and prefrontal cortex resulting in ________ ___________

A

250; 700; Conscious recognition

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17
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures magnetic fields genertated by ____________ currents (the same currents that generate EEG)

A

postsynaptic

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18
Q

The magnetic fields in Magnetoencephalography (MEG) are generated by _________ cells and then conducted to the scalp and measured as EEG

A

Pyramidal

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19
Q

The Right Thumb Rule: Thumb represents the direction of the ___ _______ and the fingers represent the direction of the ________ _____.

A

MEG Current; magnetic field

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20
Q

EEG signal is conducted to the _______ of the scalp through the volume of the head but it is attenuated and smeared because of the ____________ differences among tissue types

A

Surface; conductivity

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21
Q

Magnetic fields are NOT affected by ___________ ______ types, which means they have better _______ resolution.

A

Intervening tissue; spatial

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22
Q

________ _______ ________ _______ (SQUID) is a special sensor that measures magnetic signal through supercold temperatures

A

Superconducting Quantum Interference Device

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23
Q

We are surrounded by a lot of ambient electromagnetic noise (lights, cell phones, etc), making it difficult to measure. To protect participants from the environmental interference, the recordings take place in a __________ ________ room

A

Magnetically shielded

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24
Q

_____-______ _____ (ERFs) are averaged to event markers in a time-locked manner (just like ERPs). The signal is vulnerable to artifacts such as eye blinks, eye movements, motion/muscle artifacts

A

Event-related fields

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25
Q

The Forward Problem estimates brain sources based on the signal recorded _______ the head, assuming we knew the generators ______ the head.

A

Outside; inside

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26
Q

The Inverse Problem estimates generators in the brain based on the magnetic fields measured on the _______ of the head.

A

surface

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27
Q

Anatomically-constrained MEG method records ________ _______ generated by postsynaptic currents, then uses Structural MRI to reconstruct the cortical surface and _______ it for visualization of activity hidden in the _____

A

magnetic fields; inflate; sulci

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28
Q

A Brain Movie is when you calculate _______ ________ estimates, msec by msec through anatomically-constrained MEG.

A

cortical activity

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29
Q

M160 (magnetic equivalent of the N170) is largest to _____ ______ (just like in ERPs); it is evoked by stimuli that are face-like and fit a general “faceness” template

A

inverted faces

30
Q

M___ it is lateralized to the ____ ______ gyrus except for inverted faces – they evoke activity also in the ____ hemisphere

A

160; right fusiform; left

31
Q

(Nuclear) Magnetic Resonance Imaging - (N)MRI has a magnet that is ______ on

A

Always

32
Q

fMRI does not measure neural activity directly, but it relies on __________ changes (such as blood flow, also volume and oxygenation rate)

A

Hemodynamic

33
Q

The brain uses __% of oxygen and __% of glucose

A

20; 25

34
Q

In fMRI ______ resolution is poor; _____ resolution is good

A

Temporal; Spatial

35
Q

A ______ is the “volume element” in 3D – it is the basic imaging “unit”. There are more than ___k of them.

A

Voxel; 140

36
Q

Hemodynamic Response (HDR) reflects combined changes in ________ blood flow, blood ______, and the rate of oxygen ________

A

Cerebral; volume; extraction

37
Q

Ring Activations, or _______ _______ are a common issue in fMRI because a voxel that is at the edge of the brain has some _____ ______ one moment but, after a head movement, it now has no brain tissue (it has air).

A

head movements; brain tissue

38
Q

__________ is the claim that firms can figure out “what consumers think and feel about a certain product,” when there is no evidence that activation is related to “liking”

A

Neuromarketing

39
Q

Modularity of Cognitive Functions is the idea that cognitive functions are represented by _______ ______ in the brain and that mental processes can be _______.

A

separate modules; localized

40
Q

fMRI _____ method is a byproduct of the modularity idea, which means that many/most areas of the brain may be active at the same time, but they will be subtracted out and only the difference will be shown as a very small “_______ area”.

A

subtraction; activated

41
Q

The “difference” in the fMRI subtraction method tells us ______ about all of the brain areas that are actually active and contributing to a particular function

A

Nothing

42
Q

The Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is the strongest version of the “face-specific” processing module, using a ______ design.

A

Blocked

43
Q

There is a dedicated “____ _____” in the fusiform gyrus and that only faces are processed and recognized there (“its own private piece of real estate in the brain”)

A

Face Module

44
Q

Representations of faces and objects are _________ and ___________ even in the fusiform gyrus

A

Distributed; Overlapping

45
Q

The framework of spatio-temporal stages of processing is where the FFA is sensitive to the visual “faceness” of a stimulus at around ____ ms. However, recognition happens downstream in the ________ _______ and _______ cortices

A

170; anterior temporal; prefrontal

46
Q

Temporally-sensitive methods can provide insight into face processing as it unfolds in time – the N170 is an index at a perceptual level but the actual recognition happens at a _____ stage and it involves ______ and ______ cortices

A

later; temporal; frontal

47
Q

The ______ effect is a risk in which a person comes too close to a magnet and if they have metal on them, it will fly into the magnet; if implanted in the body, it can be ripped out

A

Missile

48
Q

Magnetic fields are measured in _____ units (T). Most human scanners are within the range of ___ T to __ T

A

Tesla; 1.5; 3

49
Q

MRI is safe for repeated use because it uses ___-______ ________ and has no known adverse biological effects

A

non-ionizing radiation

50
Q

The MRI magnet is surrounded by a strong but invisible magnetic field called the ______ _____

A

Fringe Field

51
Q

A potential risks for MRI use is loud noise that may induce nerve or muscle_______ (very rare), tissue ______ of metallic tattoos or metallic make-up

A

stimulation; heating

52
Q

An extremely rare potential risk of MRI is ___________ when the magnet has to be shut down and there is a loss of superconductivity when helium is released, displacing oxygen.

A

Asphyxiation

53
Q

MRI depends on (______) ______ ________ of the bodily tissue

A

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

54
Q

“______” was dropped from the name because of bad associations. However, the actual phenomenon takes place in the ______ ______ and hence the original name was (N)MRI

A

Nuclear; Atomic Nucleus

55
Q

________ is the most abundant element in the universe (the simplest atom with only one proton and one electron)

A

Hydrogen

56
Q

The main magnetic field of the scanner is called the ___ (_ ____) field

A

B0 (B Zero)

57
Q

When placed in a static magnetic field (B0), hydrogen protons behave like small bar magnets and they tend to get aligned with the B0 field which results in ___ ____________ (the person in the magnet is slightly magnetized)

A

Net Magnetization

58
Q

In NMRI, the person’s magnetization is aligned with the direction of the main field B0, it cannot be measured in _________. You have to perturb the system.

A

Equilibrium

59
Q

An analogous situation is with measuring someone’s _____. You would need to ____ them off the ground (perturb their standing on the ground in equilibrium) to measure the force that gravity is exerting on them

A

Weight; Lift

60
Q

The Radio Frequency (RF) pulse disturbs the _____ ________ with B0. Note that an RF pulse is an ___________ wave.

A

proton alignment; Electromagnetic

61
Q

The Radio Frequency (RF) pulse has to be delivered at the ________ frequency (at Larmor frequency) because only then can energy be ________

A

Resonant; exchanged

62
Q

Radio Frequency (RF) coils are used both for signal ________ and _______ – they can have different shapes and can accommodate different body parts. In this case, we use _____ _____.

A

transmitting; receiving; Head Coils

63
Q

The RF pulse excites the protons and flips the magnetization vectors of the precessing hydrogen protons into a transverse plane where they precess ___ _____ with each other – which means that they are synchronized

A

In Phase

64
Q

After the RF pulse is over, the protons _______ and spontaneously get _________ again with the main field (B0).

A

Dephased; Realigned

65
Q

T1 relaxation rate differs for different tissue types: the signal is _____ in the fatty tissue (white mater is white on T1 images) and the ______ in the cerebrospinal liquid - it is dark)

A

higher; lowest

66
Q

Structural images are important for measurement of the cortical _______, ____, or ______ of a cortical area or a subcortical structure such as the hippocampus or amygdala etc.

A

thickness; area; volume

67
Q

EEG has ______ spatial resolution

A

Poor

68
Q

fMRI is known as the BOLD (_____ _____ _____ ______) signal

A

Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependent

69
Q

When measuring blood flow: fMRI relies on the difference between ________ hemoglobin (diamagnetic) and ___________ hemoglobin (which is paramagnetic)

A

oxygenated; deoxygenated

70
Q

During a task, there is a _____ increase in blood flow in the brain (aka the BOLD signal increase)

A

local

71
Q

The fMRI activation is defined as the BOLD signal is calculating for each ____ in the brain and presented as statistical (reliability) _______ map.

A

voxel; activation

Psychology 362 - Cognitive Neuroscience (2 decks)

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