Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 12 vocab

A

Neuron-nerve cell that generates & transmits electrical signals

  • *Nerve fiber**- a long axon
  • *Nerve**- a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS
  • *Tract**- bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS
  • *Ganglion**-cluster of neuron cell bodies
  • *Synapse** (terminate)- junction between two communicating cells
  • *Effector cells**- activated by a motor signal (muscles contract, glands secrete)
  • *Electrochemical communication**- the means of communication between nerve cells (signals & neurotransmitters)
  • *Action potential-** change in ion concentration across the membrane, and runs down the axon
  • *Graded potentials**- local depolarization, havent reached the threashold, not all or nothing like action potential.

receptor- PNS cell that senses stimuli(sensory)

  • *Afferent**- sensory input
  • *Efferent**-Motor output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

A

Visceral motor (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Properties of Neurons

A
  • *Excitability**- respond to stimuli
  • *Conductivity**-use electrical signals
  • *Secretion**-release of a chemical
  • *Electrochemical**-response to stimuli!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons

A
  • *Sensory (afferent)**- almost always end in the brain and spinal cord
  • *Interneurons**- always in CNS. located between sensory & motor (thus “inter”) Integrative- process, store, retrieve, make decisions. 90% of all neurons.
  • *Motor (efferent)**- end (terminate) on effector cells- cells that can do a job- skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Structural Classes of Neurons

A

Multipolar-
Most common in CNS
Two or more dendrites
All motor neurons

Interneurons- Multipolar

Bipolar-
One axon; one dendrite
Olfactory cells; retina; ear
sensory

Unipolar- single process from soma; “pseudounipolar”;
Peripheral
Central process
exclusively sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glia Cells: supportive cells of CNS

A

CNS

Astrocytes: most abundant, help with glutamate(neurotransmitter) re-uptake from synapses and ion control.

Microglia: least abundant and engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons

Ependymal cells- aid in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and line CSF cavities in the brain and spine.

Oligodendrocytes: myelin sheaths (similar to Shwan cells of the PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Supportive cells of the PNS

A

Satellite cells: surround cell bodies in ganglia

Schwann cells: form myelin sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nerve regeneration

A

NO CNS regeneration!

very limited, only possibility is if the axon is what is damaged, no repair of cell body.

Macrophages come in and eat damaged parts. Shwan cells try to fix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Brain matter

A
  • *White matter**- (message relay) constitutes mylenated axons.
  • *Grey matter**- Everything else, where all the processing/intergration takes place, and intiating motor response signals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Structure of a Nerve

A

Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by Schwann cells. Covering the Schwann cells is loose connective tissue called endoneurium. Groups of axons are called nerve fascicles and wrapped in perineurium, the whole nerve is wrapped in tough connective tissue called the epinerium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reflex Arch

A

Reflex arcs are simple chains of neurons that cause our simplest, reflexive behaviors and reflect the basic structural plan of the nervous system.

reflex- rapid, automatic motor responses to
stimuli.

monosynaptic reflex- there is no interneuron between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron; thus, as its name implies, there is only one synapse in this reflex arc. The example shown is the familiar “knee-jerk” reflex.(stretch reflexes)

polysynaptic reflexes (most common) in which
one or more interneurons are part of the reflex pathway
between the sensory and motor neurons. (Withdrawal reflexes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

basic design of the spinal cord and the brain

A

gray matter is a gray-colored zone that surrounds the hollow central cavity of the CNS. In the spinal cord it is a butterflyshaped region in which the dorsal half contains cell bodies of interneurons and the ventral half contains cell bodies of motor neurons. Thus, gray matter is the site where neuron cell bodies are clustered. More specifically, the gray matter of the CNS is a mixture of neuron cell bodies; dendrites; short, unmyelinated neurons; and neuroglia.

white matter, which contains
no neuron cell bodies but millions of axons. Its white
color comes from the myelin sheaths around many of the axons. Most of these axons either ascend from the spinal cord to the brain or descend from the brain to the spinal cord, allowing these two regions of the CNS to communicate with each other. Thus, white matter consists of axons running between different parts of the CNS. Within the white matter, axons traveling to similar destinations form axon bundles called tracts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Embryonic Development of the Brain

A

Neural Tube: Anterior: rostral; Posterior: caudal

primary brain vesicles:

  • *prosencephalon (forebrain)**→Adult: Cerebrum, thalamus (hypothalamus,
    epithalamus) , and retina
  • *mesencephalon (midbrain)**→ Adult: Brain stem: midbrain
  • *rhombencephalon (hindbrain)**→ Adult: Brain stem: pons, Cerebellum Brain stem: medulla oblongata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cerebrum & Cerebral Cortex

A
  • *Cerebrum** (85% of brain mass)
  • *Cortex** (gray matter)
  • *White matter**
  • *Hemispheres** (left & right)
  • *Corpus Callosum** (join hemispheres)
  • *Convolutions**- gyri (raised) and sulci (depression)
  • *Longitudinal Fissure** (deep sulcus)

Cerebral Cortex:

Divided into lobes by distinctive sulci
Contains cell bodies, dendrites and short unmyelinated fibers
Only 2-4mm thick
Divided into structural and functional (distinct sensory and motor) regions
Motor- controls voluntary motor functions
Sensory- conscious awareness/interpretation of incoming sensation
Association areas- integrate diverse information into purposeful action

Lobes:

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cerebrum

Frontal Lobe

A

Frontal Lobe (everything anterior to the central sulcus)

Primary motor cortex (Precentral gyrus)-initiates voluntary skeletal movement

Broca’s motor speech area (left hemisphere is speech production; right hemisphere controls emotional overtones)

(Also premotor cortex –planning- and frontal eye field)
Task management, multitasking, reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cerebrum

Sensory Cortex

A

(Everything posterior from the central sulcus)

distinct areas for conscious awareness of somatic senses (taste, vision, touch, smell, hearing)
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebrum

Parietal Lobe

A

Association area (ex. that noise is an alarm, not the doorbell)

  • *Sensory map**: stimulate cells to produce sensations in these areas
  • *Contralateral**
  • *Primary Somatosensory Cortex**- conscious awareness of senses
  • *Gustatory Cortex** (overlaps w/ insula)-conscious awareness of taste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cerebrum

Temporal Lobe and Insula

A

Temporal lobe

  • *Primary Auditory Cortex**- conscious awareness of sound
  • *Auditory Association Cortex**- Wernicke’s area (left side understand spoken word; right side emotional overtones)
**Insula**- deep within lateral sulcus
 Vestibular Cortex (balance/equilibrium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cerebrum

Occipital Lobe

A

Primary Visual Cortex- what you’re seeing, and in context.
Calcarine sulcus-landmark where you find the visual cortex
Damage to this lobe–> blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cerebrum

Basal Nuclei

A

Clusters of grey matter deep within white.

Basil Nuclei (ex. Corpus Striatum)- cooperate with cerebral cortex in controlling movements. How hard, how fast, which muscles to activate.

Also, plays a role in recieving stimuli and delivering it to the motor part of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diencephalon

(purple)

A

Diencephalon:
(thalamus, hypothalamus,
epithalamus), retina

Thalamus: the sensory routing area surrounds 3rd ventricle (canal). Any sensory has to pass through the Thalamus.

  • *Hypothalamus**(inferior to Thalamus):
  • Hormone Secretion (controls anterior pituitary) and hormones that are stored in posterior pituitary
  • Autonomic effects
  • Thermoregulation (shiver vs sweat)
  • Food and water intake
  • Sleep and circadian rhythms
  • Emotional responses
  • Memory
  • *Epithalamus**- has/is mostly pineal gland and most dorsal part of thalamus.
  • *Penial gland**: produces & secretes a hormone called melatonin which regulates sleep cycles, aids in sleep.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Brainstem: Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

Cranial Nerve (3,4)

  • *Tectum- Corpora Quadrigemina:**
  • *Superior colliculi** (vision and visual reflexes)
  • *Inferior colliculi** (hearing and auditory reflexes)
  • *Substantia Nigra** (works with basal nuclei); inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei.
  • Controls unwanted muscle movement
  • Parkinson’s Disease and resting tremors (sign of degeneration of Sub N)

Cerebral Aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pons- Metencephalon

A

4th ventricle between pons and cerebellum

Cranial Nerve (5-8)

respiration, and bladder control inputs

Hearing, facial sensations, taste, saliva, tears, facial expression, equilibrium, eye movement (lateral rectus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Medulla Oblongata- (Myelencephalon)

(dark green)

A

Continuous with spinal cord at foramen magnum
Cranial Nerves (9-12)
Pyramids- long axons that leave the frontal motor cortex and terminate at the medulla causing ridges on ventral side of medulla
Points of decussation (axons cross over to opposite side of body)
Regulates blood pressure (vasomotor center), heart beat/rate (cardiac center), and breathing (respiratory center)
Part of 4th ventricle found here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nerve vs tract

A

Nerve: collection of axons within the PNS.

Tract: collection of axons within the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cerebellum

A

Cerebellum- Not part of brain stem but still metencephalon

  • Smoothes and coordinates body movements
  • Helps with posture and equilibrium
  • Receives input from eye, ear, and spinal cord
  • *Folia**- like foliage (grey)
  • *Arbor vitae**-tree trunk (white)
27
Q

Coverings

A

Meninges-Dura matter: periosteal & meningeal layers
Arachnoid matter: deep to meningeal layer, and has legs that attach to the pia matter.
Pia matter: deep to arachnoid layer
Between the Arachnoid layer and pia layer is the “subarachnoid” space where CSF flows. There are blood vessels in the subarachnoid space, plasma comes out and makes CSF and fills this space. When enough CSF collects and there is pressure the arachnoid villus (valves) open and drain blood into the sinus where it will return to the jugular.

Falx cerebri- dura matter that travels longitudinal fissure that separates the hemispheres.

Tentorium cerebelli- dura-matter that runs the transverse fissure.

28
Q

Ventricles: hollow chambers filled with CSF

A

Lateral ventricles (1&2) found in cerebral hemispheres;
connected to third ventricle by interventricular foramen.
Cerebral Aqueduct connects 3rd to 4th ventricle.
4th ventricle continuous with central canal in spinal cord. All have choroid plexuses (sites of CSF synthesis)

29
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

Choroid plexuses- sites of CSF synthesis (red)

Subarachnoid space- blue

30
Q

The Spinal Column

A

Spinal nerves exit thru intervertebral foramina as: 8C,12T,5L,5S,1C
31 pairs of nerves
Conus medullaris-spine starts to taper (get thin)
Cauda equina- “horse tail”
Cervical and Lumbar enlargements
Ventral median fissure
Dorsal median sulcus

31
Q

Gross Anatomy of Spinal Cord

A

Gray matter
-horns
Gray commissure-grey little bridge
Central canal-hole in center
Primary rami
Meninges-dura matter, arachnoid,pia
Dorsal root ganglion
Roots
White matter
Decussation/contralateral-crossing over (think optical tract)
ipsilateral

32
Q

5 Division of the brain / the 4 Regions

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
  • Ventricles
33
Q

5 major lobes

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal lobes
  • Insula
34
Q

Chapter 13 vocab

A

• Gyri – a ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
• Sulci – a groove
• Lateral sulcus - A deep fissure of the cerebral cortex separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
• Longitudinal fissure - the largest and deepest groove between the medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
• Central sulcus - a deep cleft in each hemisphere of the brain separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
• Parieto-occipital sulcus - a sulcus near the posterior end of each hemisphere that separates the parietal lobes and the occipital lobes in both hemispheres
• Transverse cerebral fissure - The transverse fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
• Precentral gyrus - the convolution of the frontal lobe that is bounded in back by the central sulcus and that contains the motor area
• Postcentral gyrus - - the convolution of parietal lobe that is bounded in front by the central sulcus
• Calcarine sulcus – a deep fissure in the medial aspect below the occipital lobe
They form the boundaries and different functional area of the brain

• Corpus callosum – connects and allows the two hemispheres to communicate and coordinate their activities.

  • Brainstem - ensuring basic vital life functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure and breathing. It also plays a role in arousal and consciousness
  • Cerebellum - involved in balance, equilibrium, muscle tone, and the coordination of voluntary motor movement
35
Q

repetitive shit

A

• Occipital lobe- Primary visual cortex
• Frontal lobe- Primary motor cortex
• Parietal lobe- Primary sensory cortex
• Temporal lobe- Primary auditory cortex
• Diencephalon (thalamus)- relay for all sensory info going to the cortex, except smell
• Basal Ganglia-modulates skeletal movement/muscle tone in an inhibitory fashion
• Cerebellum- allows for overall muscle coordination, receives feedback from proprioceptors
• temporal lobe- lobe associated with learning, memory
• Brainstem (medulla oblongata)- region containing vasomotor, cardioinhibitory and respiratory center –
• Pons- region which acts as a bridge for sensory/motor info to the cerebellum
• Brainstem (midbrain)- region containing centers for auditory and visual reflexes
• Diencephalon (hypothalamus)- region regulating thirst, hunger, body temp and endocrines
• Brainstem (medulla oblongata)- region containing the pyramids; what is decussation of these and what results from decussation
o Decussation –crossing over

3 meninges: Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
spaces over the CNS: Subdural space, subarachnoid space

Ventricle: hollow chambers filled with CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)
• 1 and 2 ventricles found in cerebral hemispheres;
• connected to third ventricle by interventricular foramen.
• Cerebral Aqueduct connects 3rd to 4th ventricle.
• 4th ventricle continuous with central canal in spinal cord. All have choroid plexuses (sites of CSF synthesis).

36
Q

More details on flow of CSF

A
  • CSF is produced by choroid plexus (blood) from each ventricle
  • CSF flows from ventricles lateral ventricles (1+2) through 3rd ventricle
  • CSF flows through cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle
  • CSF leaks out to subarachnoid space through median and lateral apertures; some continues through central canal of spinal cord
  • CSF circulates over cerebral hemispheres through the subarachnoid space
  • CSF leaks out through arachnoid villi
  • CSF enters circulation through superior sagittal sinus (blood)
37
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
General visceral motor part of the PNS
ANS has two divisions:
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic

38
Q

Structural Components of the PNS

A

Sensory receptors—pick up stimuli from inside or outside the body

Sensory receptors also classified according to:
Location
Type of stimulus detected

Exteroceptors—sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body
Located at or near body surfaces
Include receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Interoceptors—receive stimuli from internal viscera
Located in digestive tube, bladder, and lungs
Monitor a variety of stimuli
Changes in chemical concentration
Taste stimuli
Stretching of tissues
Temperature

Proprioceptors
Located in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments
Monitor degree of stretch
Send inputs on body movement to the CNS

Classification by Stimulus Detected:

Mechanoreceptors—respond to mechanical forces
Touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, and itch
Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
Thermoreceptors—respond to temperature changes

Chemoreceptors
Respond to chemicals in solution
Photoreceptors—respond to light
Located in the eye
Nociceptors
Respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain

Classification by Structure:

Nerves and ganglia
Nerves—bundles of peripheral axons
Ganglia—clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies
Motor endings—axon terminals of motor neurons
Innervate effectors (muscle fibers and glands)

39
Q

**Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs—contain thousands of nerve fibers
Connect to the spinal cord
Named for point of issue from the spinal cord
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1–C8)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1–T12)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1–L5)
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1–S5)
1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)

They carry both sensory and motor fibers

  • Connect to the spinal cord by the dorsal root and ventral root
  • *Dorsal root**—contains sensory fibers
  • *Cell bodies**—located in the dorsal root ganglion
  • *Ventral root**—contains motor fibers arising from anterior gray column

Branch into dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
Dorsal and ventral rami contain both sensory and motor fibers
Rami communicantes connect to the base of the ventral ramus
Lead to the sympathetic chain ganglia

40
Q

***Location of Cell Bodies

A

Sensory- dorsal root ganglion

  • *Somatic motor**- ventral horn of spinal cord
  • *Visceral motor**-lateral horn of the spinal cord

interneurons(CNS) -cell bodies start and end in spinal cord’s Dorsal horn

41
Q

Innervation of the Back

&

Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall

A
  • *Dorsal rami**
  • Innervate back muscles
  • Follow a neat, segmented pattern
  • Innervate a horizontal strip of muscle and skin
  • In line with emergence point from the vertebral column

Thoracic region
Ventral rami- lead to intercostal nerves
Intercostal nerves—supply intercostal muscles, skin, and abdominal wall
Each gives off lateral and anterior cutaneous branches

42
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A

Ventral rami (except T2–T12) lead to nerve plexi

Nerve plexus—a network of nerves

  • Branch and join with one another
  • Form nerve plexuses
  • *-**In cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions
  • Primarily serve the limbs
  • Fibers from ventral rami crisscross
43
Q

Spinal Nerve Plexi

A

A network of ventral rami
-Interlacing network
-Each branch of the Plexis carries fibers from several spinal nerves
-Gives redundancy incase of nerve damage
Cervical: phrenic
Lumbar: Femoral nerve
Sacral: Sciatic nerve

C1-C4- Cervical plexus

C5-T1- Brachial plexus

L1-L4- Lumbar Plexus

L4-S4- Sacral Plexus

44
Q

The Cervical Plexus

A
  • Buried deep in the neck
  • Under the sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • Formed by ventral rami of first four cervical nerves (1–4)
  • Most are cutaneous nerves
  • Some innervate muscles of the anterior neck
  • *Phrenic nerve**—the most important nerve of the cervical plexus(innervates the diaphram)
45
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Brachial plexus lies in the neck and axilla
Formed by ventral rami of C5–T1
Give rise to main nerves of the upper limb

  • *Musculocutaneous**—main branch of the lateral cord
  • Innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis
  • *Median**—originates from both lateral and medial cords
  • Innervates anterior forearm muscles and lateral palm

Ulnar—branches from the medial cord
Innervates intrinsic hand muscles and skin of the medial hand

Radial—continuation of the posterior cord
Largest branch of the brachial plexus
-Innervates muscles of the posterior upper limb
Axillary
-Innervates the deltoid and teres minor

Damage to Brachial Plexus:

Wrist Drop (Waiter’s Hand)(C)
 Claw Hand(B)
 Crutch paralysis (axillary nerve)
 Hand of Benediction (A)-can’t flex
46
Q

The Lumbar Plexus

A

Lumbar plexus
Arises from L1– L4
Smaller branches innervate the posterior abdominal wall and psoas muscle
Main branches innervate the anterior thigh
Femoral nerve—innervates anterior thigh muscles
Obturator nerve—innervates adductor muscles

47
Q

The Sacral Plexus

A

Arises from spinal nerves L4–S4
Caudal to the lumbar plexus
Often considered with the lumbar plexus

Sciatic nerve—the largest nerve of the sacral plexus
Actually two nerves in one sheath
Tibial nerve—innervates most of the posterior lower limb
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve—innervates muscles of the anterolateral leg

48
Q

Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes

A

Dermatome—an area of skin
-Innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
Upper limb
-Skin is supplied by nerves of the brachial plexus
Lower limb
-Lumbar nerves—anterior surface
-Sacral nerves—posterior surface

49
Q

Reflexes

A
  • Involuntary
  • Require stimulation
  • Quick
  • Ipsilateral reflex
  • Contralateral reflex

Monosynaptic (stretch reflex) one synapse
Polysynaptic
Withdrawal/ reciprocal inhibition reflex
Crossed extensor

5 Anatomical parts to the pathway
1-sensory receptor
2-Sensory (afferent) neuron (nerve)
3-Integration center
4-Motor (efferent) neuron (nerve)
5-Effector (site that recieves command)

  • *Knee-jerk:**
  • monosynaptic
  • ipsilateral
50
Q

Disorders of the PNS

A
  • *Shingles** (herpes zoster)
  • Viral infection
  • Stems from childhood chicken pox
  • Often brought on by stress
  • Mostly experienced by those over 50
  • *Migraine headache**
  • Relates to sensory innervation of cerebral arteries
  • Arteries dilate and compresses and irritate sensory nerve endings
  • *Myasthenia gravis**
  • Progressive weakening of the skeletal muscles
  • An autoimmune disorder
  • Antibodies destroy acetylcholine receptors
51
Q

12 Cranial Nerves

(Still PNS!)

A
  • Attach to brain and pass through foramina in the skull
  • Numbered I-XII
  • Innervate from neck up (skull)
  • One exception- Vagus (thoracic and abdominal cavity to left colic flexure)
  • Cranial nerve (1,2) come off the forebrain, midbrain(3,4), pons(5-8) and Medulla Oblongata (9-12)

OLGA OFTEN OVULATES THREE TIMES AND FACES VERY GRIM VAGINAL ANATOMIC HAZARDS

  • *1. Olfactory** (S)
  • *2. Optic** (S)
  • *3. Ocularmotor** (M)
  • *4. Trochlear** (M)
  • *5. Trigeminal** (B)
  • *6. Abducens** (M)
  • *7. Facial** (both)
  • *8. Vestibulocochlear** (S)
  • *9. Glossopharyngeal** (B)
  • *10.Vagus** (B)
  • *11.Accessory** (M)
  • *12.Hypoglossal** (M)

Any VM in cranial nerves is parasympathetic

How do I remember if a cranial nerve is sensory, motor or both?

Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most!

Location of cell bodies:
Sensory- ganglia (PNS)
Motor- grey matter of CNS

52
Q

I Olfactory Nerve

A

(VS)

Olfactory receptor cells in nasal cavity to synapse in the ofactory bulb (forebrain) (cranial ganglia)

53
Q

II Optic Nerve

A

(SS)

Retina, cross at the optic chiasma, to the forebrain(occipital). Cell bodies in cranial ganglion.

54
Q

III The Oculomotor Nerves

A
  • Motor only (SM and VM-causes iris to constrict and lens to relax focus)(these cell bodies in the ciliary ganglion)
  • All extrinsic eye muscles except LR and SO (LR6/SO4/3)
  • Cell bodies in midbrain nuclei
55
Q

IV The Trochlear Nerves

A

Motor only (SM)
Innervates the superior oblique muscle (an extrinsic eye muscle)
Cell bodies in midbrain nuclei

56
Q

V The Trigeminal Nerves

A

BOTH

Motor- SM
Cell bodies in nuclei in pons
Innervates: Muscles of mastication

Sensory
Bodies in ganglion (trigeminal ganglion)
Face (skin, jaws, tongue, sinuses, teeth)
Innervate: Ophthalmic (V1); Maxillary (V2) and Mandibular (V3)

57
Q

VI The Abducens Nerves

A

Motor only (SM)(cell bodies in the Pons)
Abducts the eyeball—innervates lateral rectus muscle
(LR6/SO4/3)

58
Q

VII The Facial Nerves

A

(Pons)

Sensory- taste buds from anterior 2/3 tongue; cell bodies in ganglion

Motor:

(SM)-innervates muscles of facial expression, Cell bodies in nucleus in pons

(VM)-Innervate lacrimal and salivary glands, promote secretion, cell bodies in nuclei in pons

Bell’s Palsy

59
Q

VIII The Vestibulocochlear Nerves

A

Sensory nerve of hearing and balance, from Pons to cochlea and vistibula. Cell bodies in Ganglia.

60
Q

IX The Glossopharyngeal Nerves

A
  • *SM**-Innervates structures of the tongue and pharynx; cell bodies in medulla oblongata
  • *Sensory**- Receptors in taste buds and posterior 1/3 of tongue and mucosa. Cell bodies in ganglia.
  • *VM-** Parotid salavary gland
61
Q

X The Vagus Nerves

A

From Medulla

  • *Sensory** - Receptors in mucosa of larynx; lungs, bronchii
  • *SM** - Terminates on muscles of larynx and pharynx
  • *VM** – parasympathetic innervation of organs
62
Q

XI The Accessory Nerves

A

From Medulla

SM only – innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

63
Q

XII The Hypoglossal Nerves

A

From Medulla

Only Somatic Motor (SM)

Runs inferior to the tongue
Innervates the tongue muscles

Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions