Exam 4 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Albumin
A
keeps fluid from leaking out of vessels into other tissues, synthesized in the liver
2
Q
Fat is essential for
A
brain and nerve function
3
Q
types of macronutrients
A
carbs, lipids, and protein
4
Q
types of micronutrients
A
vitamins and minerals
5
Q
types of fatty acids
A
saturated and unsaturated- saturated
6
Q
LDL is
A
transports cholesterol to the body’s cells, “bad cholesterol”, saturated fats increase LDLs
7
Q
HDL is
A
High Density Lipoproteins remove cholesterol from the bloodstream and return it o the liver where it is used to produce bile. “good cholesterol”
8
Q
What is nutrition?
A
study of food and how it affects the body
9
Q
What is metabolism?
A
process by which the body converts food to energy
10
Q
What is the estimated average requirement?
A
amount of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the requirement of half of all healthy individuals in a certain age and gender group
11
Q
What are the parts of a food label?
A
serving size, servings per container, calories, and percentages of nutrients based on daily value
12
Q
What is the daily calorie amount that food labels are based on?
A
2000
13
Q
Types of carbohydrates (CHOs)
A
simple carbs(sugars), complex carbs
14
Q
What is a simple sugar? Example
A
corn syrup, honey, milk, table sugar, fruits
15
Q
What is a complex carb? Ex
A
vegetables, bread, pasta, grains
16
Q
What do carbs do?
A
give the body energy, enhance insulin production, increase satiety (fullness and satisfaction), improve absorption of sodium and excretion of calcium
17
Q
What are proteins made out of?
A
amino acids
18
Q
What are the kcals for carbs, proteins, and fats?
A
4-carbs, 4-proteins, 9-fats
19
Q
What do proteins do for the body?
A
tissue building, metabolism, help with immune system function, fluid balance, acid-base balance, secondary to carbs for energy source
20
Q
What do lipids (fats) do for the body?
A
supply the body with essential fatty acids and aid in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins, energy source when engaging in sustained light activity, give food flavor, body fat is insulating, cholesterol is a component of every cell in the body-it lends suppleness and support
21
Q
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A
(remember a fat dek of cards) Vitamin A, D, E, and K
22
Q
Which type of vitamin is stored in the body?
A
Fat soluble
23
Q
Which types of vitamins need to be eaten daily as they are excreted out of the body in urine?
A
Water soluble
24
Q
What are the water soluble vitamins?
A
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, b6, pantothenic acid, folic acid, b12, and C
25
What does Vitamin A do in the body?
maintains healthy skin and vision. growth of skeletal and soft tissues, reproduction
26
Importance of Vitamin K
synthesis of clotting factors and bone development
27
Importance of Vitamin D
regulates calcium and rate of deposit and reabsorption of calcium in bone
28
Where is vitamin K made in the body?
Bacteria in the intestines synthesize vitamin K
29
Why do Infants need a vitamin K shot after birth?
Bacteria in the gut helps form vitamin K. Infants do not yet have this bacteria and vitamin K helps with clotting factors
30
What is vitamin K an antidote for?
Coumadin-blood thinner
31
What is the test needed for Coumadin or Warfarin?
I&R
32
Foods that help with vitamin K
green leafy veg, liver
33
Foods that help with Iron
meats, eggs, beans, fortified cereal. If eaten with source of vitamin c, absorption is increased
34
What helps the body absorb iron?
Vitamin C-educate pt to take supplement or with orange/juice
35
Importance of Iron
Hemoglobin production (RBCs), metabolism of glucose, antibody production, drug detoxification
36
Importance of Vitamin C
collagen synthesis, cementing substance for capillary walls, antioxidant, iron absorption, and immune function
37
Importance of Vitamin B12
metabolic reactions, maintains myelin sheath, hemoglobin synthesis
38
What does vitamin D help with the absorption of?
Calcium
39
Importance of calcium
Helps with bone strength
40
What time of a woman's life does she need to begin a calcium supplement or upping calcium intake and why?
Menopause. Lower estrogen can cause bone weakness leading to osteoporosis or brittle bones
41
Why do pregnant women or women of child bearing age need to take a folate supplement?
Helps to prevent neural tube defects
42
What are the macrominerals?
Minerals body need in amounts of 100mg/daily, calcium, Magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium
43
What are the trace minerals?
Essential in much lower concentration, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, zinc
44
Why is water essential to the body?
Makes up about half of body weight- solvent for body's chemical processes, transport oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes, fills in spaces in the body tissues, temperature regulation, lubricant for joins and abdominal cavities, catalyst for many reactions
45
What is the necessary amount of water daily?
8-10 8 oz glasses of water daily
46
Why do men have more water content in their body?
Higher muscle mass
47
Iodine's importance
synthesis of thyroid hormone (thyroxine), can be obtained easily through iodized table salt
48
What is basal metabolic rate?
measure of energy used by the body when it is at rest- required for vital organs to function
49
How do you measure bmr in a woman?
0.9 kcal multiplied by weight in kg
50
How do you measure bmr in a man?
1 kcal multiplied by body weight in kg
51
What factors affect a bmr?
body composition (more muscle=greater BMR), growth periods, body temperature, environmental temperature, disease processes, prolonged physical exertion
52
How many calories a day should a sedentary woman or an older adult take in?
1600 kcals
53
How many calories should a child, teenage girl, active woman, or sedentary man take in daily?
2200 kcals
54
Teenage boys, active men, and very active women should take in ____ calories daily
2800 kcals
55
top two most rapid growth stages
Infant (1st) and adolescence (puberty)
56
Why shouldn't infants have honey before 1 year of age?
Chance of botulism which can be fatal in an infant
57
When do an infants iron stores deplete after birth? And how do you prevent low iron in infants?
4-6 months and an iron supplement or iron fortified formula
58
What changes should older adults make to their diets?
Slightly more calcium and slightly less of other groups, complex carbs for bowel function, plenty of water
59
What vitamin do smokers use quicker?
Vitamin C
60
How do you calculate BMI?
weight in kg/height in meters^2
61
How do you convert inches to meters?
Divide the length in inches by 39.37
62
What are the issues that alcoholics might have with getting proper nutrition?
Poor appetite, intestines don't absorb nutrients as well
63
What is gastroperesis?
Stomach paralysis-not emptying. Increases vomiting
64
What is the normal Albumin level?
3.4-4.8
65
How long can pt be NPO without needing TPN or tube feeding?
3 days
66
How can you prevent aspiration?
Monitor the level of consciousness, have pt sip water before eating, assess gag reflex
67
What is TPN?
total parenteral nutrition that is put through a large central vein
68
What is lavage?
Cleaning until aspirations are clear
69
How do you verify the placement of an NG tube?
Best way is the complete a chest xray, at bedside, aspirate stomach contents and check PH (should be between 1-5.5)
70
3 types of fats
glycerides (true fats), sterols (cholesterol), and phospholipids
71
What is the difference in essential and non essential amino acids?
Essential need to be supplied by food or nutritional supplements as the body can not make them, non essential are synthesized in the body
72
Where are the kidneys located?
retroperitoneal (back of the abdomen)
73
What do the kidneys do?
Filter wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, regulate blood volume and blood pressure and electrolyte levels, a secondary function of the kidneys is to produce RBCs and active vitamin D3
74
What is the filtration unit of the kidney called? (helps with formation of urine)
Nephrons
75
What is a nephron composed of?
Bowman capsule which encloses the glomerus, filtrating tubules, loop of Henle and a collecting duct
76
Where does filtration take process
Glomeruli
77
What are the parts of the kidney?
Cortex (Neprons), Medulla (renal pyramids), Hilum, and ureter
78
What is the hilum?
the area where the blood vessels, nerves, and ureters leave the kidneys
79
What is the glomuler filtration rate? What is the normal?
How good the nephrons are filtering, the higher the better. 60+ is normal
80
How much urine can a bladder hold?
500 mL
81
Where is the pituitary gland?
In the brain
82
What does the pituitary gland do in relation to the urinary system?
Secretes anti-diuretic which prevents urination and loss of fluid. tells the kidneys to reabsorb water if the body needs fluid
83
What part of the nephron reabsorbs?
tubules
83
Where are the adrenal glands?
On top of the kidneys
83
What do the adrenal glands do?
Secrete aldosterone which tells the kidneys to hold onto sodium. Water follows sodium, so body holds onto water and sodium and excretes potassium
84
How can the prostate cause urinary issues for men?
Can become enlarged which causes issues with passing urine
85
What does a high specific gravity mean?
More solutes in the urine- can be caused by dehydration
86
What is the normal range for specific gravity?
1.002 to 1.030
87
What is the specific gravity of water?
1
88
What is enuresis?
Involuntary passage of urine
89
How does age affect urination?
By 75, only 2/3 of nephrons work-not filtering and creating urine as normal, loss of bladder and muscle tone which can cause stagnant urine (infection)
90
How do loop diuretic work?
Acts of loop of Henle- pushes reabsorption in that area so it will go into tubules and out of body
91
What is an anticholinergic?
Promotes urinary retention
92
How does anesthetic affect urinary elimination?
Can decrease blood pressure and glomerular filtration which decreases urine formation
93
When would pink tinged urine be normal?
After bladder or Urinary tract surgery-due to trauma of the area
94
What is the normal BUN?
8-21
95
What is the normal creatinine?
0.8-1.2
96
What are post procedure work ups you need to complete?
Vitals, I&O, new urine characteristics, encourage fluid intake
97
Why do you need to encourage fluid intake post op?
to flush contrast
98
What is a pyelogram?
When contrast is put into the kidney so that it can be seen in xray
99
What is a retrograde pyelogram?
When dye is put in the bladder
100
What are the two allergies that need to be watched for when dealing with contrast?
Iodine and shellfish
101
How is dye contraindicated by kidney disease or failure?
Dye is very harmful to the kidneys (nephrotic)
102
Why do you need to discard the first sample when collecting a sterile specimen?
there may be bacteria in the urinary tract
103
What is the function of the GI tract?
to digest and absorb the nutrients present in food and to eliminate food waste products as feces
104
What is the span of the GI tract?
Mouth to anus
105
What does food leave the stomach as?
Chyme ( four hours after eating)
106
What is in the stomach to aid with digestion?
Hydrochloric acid
107
How does the stomach, small and large intestine connect?
From the stomach into the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon
108
What does the ileocecal valve do?
Prevents backflow from colon into ileum
109
What is the purpose of the appendix thought to be?
Immune function
110
How do hemorrhoids occur?
When someone strains or hard fecal matter are in the very vascular rectum, blood vessels may be damaged
111
What is considered normal bowel function?
When someone can go without excessive urgency with minimal effort and no straining, without blood loss, without laxatives
112
Why doesn't fiber help with opioid caused constipation?
Bulks feces, pt has decreased peristalsis due to opioid use, which can lead to bowel obstruction
113
What does magnesium supplements do to stool?
Can loosen stool
114
What is paralytic ileus?
no bowel sounds, most likely after abdominal surgery
115
What is an illeostomy?
A bowel diversion that bypasses the large intestine entirely, feces are constant and liquid
116
What is a continent illeostomy?
An illeal pouch is created, patient inserts tube into stoma to drain fecal matter
117
What does a healthy stoma look like?
Pink or brick red, shiny and moist
118
How long post ostomy surgery is a stoma its permanent size?
6-8 weeks
119
What is melena?
Black tarry stool that may be indicative of an upper GI bleed
120
How do you collect a stool sample?
Have pt void first and then pass stool into a "hat" or bedpan, using gloves and tongue blades-collect at least 1 inch of stool and put into container, double bag in biohazard bag
121
What is the difference in an abdominal flat plate and ultrasonography?
With a flat plate, xray view of the abdomen is used to detect gallstones, fecal impaction, and distended bowel. Ultrasound detects tissue abnormalities.
122
What is a barium enema?
Barium is instilled into the rectum or ostomy, radiographs are obtained
123
What is a low residue diet?
Easily digested and bland
124
After a barium enema, you should educate the pt that their stool will be:
white or light colored for 2-3 days
125
Before a CT with contrast, what medication should be held and why?
Glucophage, both are hard on kidneys
126
What is a normal potassium level?
3.6-5.2
127
What type of diet is advised with diarrhea?
BRAT-bananas, rice, apple sauce, and toast)
