Exam 4

Question 1

What is a Genome?

Answer 1

The complete set of an organism’s DNA, including all of its genes.

Question 2

Define Chromosome.

Answer 2

A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genes.

Question 3

What is a Gene?

Answer 3

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Question 4

What is a Codon?

Answer 4

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

Question 5

What does Locus refer to?

Answer 5

The specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome.

Question 6

What is Gene Expression?

Answer 6

The process of using a gene’s instructions to make a protein.

Question 7

What is a GMO?

Answer 7

An organism whose genome has been altered by humans.

Question 8

Define Transgenic Organism.

Answer 8

An organism that contains DNA from another species.

Question 9

What is a Recombinant Gene?

Answer 9

A DNA molecule made by combining DNA from different sources.

Question 10

Who won the Nobel Prize in 1962 for discovering the double-helix structure of DNA?

Answer 10

James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins.

Question 11

Where is DNA located in Eukaryotic Cells?

Answer 11

In the nucleus.

Question 12

What type of bonding occurs between complementary base pairs in DNA?

Answer 12

Hydrogen bonding.

Question 13

List the four nucleotide bases in DNA.

Answer 13

• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)

Question 14

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Answer 14

S phase.

Question 15

What enzyme unzips the DNA during replication?

Answer 15

Helicase.

Question 16

What enzyme adds new nucleotides during DNA replication?

Answer 16

DNA polymerase.

Question 17

What is meant by semi-conservative replication?

Answer 17

Each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.

Question 18

Why do cells replicate DNA?

Answer 18

To ensure each new cell has an exact copy of the DNA.

Question 19

What are the two main processes involved in DNA fingerprinting?

Answer 19

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
• Gel Electrophoresis

Question 20

What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

Answer 20

To map all human genes.

Question 21

How many genes do humans have approximately?

Answer 21

~20,000.

Question 22

What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 22

• DNA has thymine (T), RNA has uracil (U)
• DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded
• DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose sugar

Question 23

List the three types of RNA.

Answer 23

• mRNA
• tRNA
• rRNA

Question 24

What is the flow of genetic information?

Answer 24

DNA → RNA → Protein.

Question 25

What does RNA processing involve?

Answer 25

* Adding a cap and tail * Splicing: Remove introns, keep exons

Question 26

What is a Point Mutation?

Answer 26

One base is changed.

Question 27

What is a Silent Mutation?

Answer 27

No effect on protein.

Question 28

What is a Frameshift Mutation?

Answer 28

Insertion/deletion that shifts the reading frame.

Question 29

What is Recombinant DNA?

Answer 29

DNA from different sources combined into one molecule.

Question 30

Why create a Transgenic Organism?

Answer 30

To give an organism beneficial traits from another species.

Question 31

How is E. coli used for human proteins?

Answer 31

Human gene is inserted into plasmid, then into E. coli.

Question 32

What are the two parts of a gene?

Answer 32

* Regulatory sequence * Coding sequence

Question 33

What are Embryonic Stem Cells?

Answer 33

Can become any cell type; require destruction of embryos.

Question 34

What is Reproductive Cloning?

Answer 34

Creates a whole organism.

Question 35

Who was the first cloned mammal?

Answer 35

Dolly the sheep, cloned in 1996.

Question 36

The regulation of gene expression ensures that

Answer 36

Not all genes are expressed at all times

Question 37

Because stem cells are cloned from the body’s own tissues in therapeutic cloning , the body’s immune system

Answer 37

Accepts the implanted cells

Question 38

Although the number of genes in the human gene is surprisingly low alternative splicing blank allows the G ends in code 4 times as many proteins

Answer 38

Exons

Answer 39

Econ’s