Exam 4

Question 1

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Answer 1

• complex motor system of nerves that governs involuntary actions (includes CNS, PNS)
• work with somatic nervous system to regulate normal internal functions

Question 2

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

• Parasympathetic division
• Sympathetic division
Serve most of the same organs but cause opposing or antagonistic effects

Question 3

Parasympathetic

Answer 3

routine maintenance
“rest &digest”
• Also called the craniosacral system because all
its preganglionic neurons are in the brain stem
or sacral levels of the spinal cord
– Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX
(Glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus)
– In lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4
• Only innervate internal organs (not skin)
• Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter at end organ
as well as at preganglionic synapse.

Question 4

Sympathetic

Answer 4

mobilization & increased metabolism
“fight, flight or fright” or “fight, flight or freeze”
• Also called thoracolumbar system: all its neurons are in
lateral horn of gray matter from T1-L2
• Lead to every part of the body (unlike parasymp.)
– Easy to remember that when nervous, you sweat; when afraid,
hair stands on end; when excited blood pressure rises
(vasoconstriction): these sympathetic only
– Also causes: dry mouth, pupils to dilate, increased heart &
respiratory rates to increase O2 to skeletal muscles, and liver to
release glucose
• Norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline) is neurotransmitter
released by most postganglionic fibers (acetylcholine in
preganglionic).

Question 5

preganglionic axon is ______ than postganglionic

Answer 5

shorter

Question 6

Sympathetic Pathways

Answer 6

• Pathways depend on location & type of effector organ
• Regardless of target, all begin same (T1-L2)
• Preganglionic axons exit spinal cord through ventral root and enter spinal nerve
• Exit spinal nerve via communicating ramus
• Enter sympathetic trunk/chain where postganglionic neurons are

Question 7

Hypothalamus

Answer 7

Integration and command center of ANS; control visceral functions, emotions, etc.

Question 8

Endocrine System

Answer 8

*System of glands that secretes hormones directly into
bloodstream
*Along with CNS controls the body.
*Endocrine organs located throughout body
*Actions mediate all tissues
* ONLY system whose organs are anatomically not connected

Question 9

Exocrine gland

Answer 9

• Secretions: sweat, saliva, etc
  • Secretions transported by ducts
  • Located close to target cells

Question 10

Endocrine gland

Answer 10

• Secretions: Hormones
• No ducts, directly into bloodstream
• Do not need to be close to target cells
• Located within highly vascularized areas

Question 11

Target cells

Answer 11

cells with receptors for the hormones

Question 12

Target organs

Answer 12

organs that have target cells

Question 13

Types of Hormones

Answer 13

A. Amino acid-based hormones

B. Steroid hormones (e.g., Testosterone)