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Anatomy > Exam 4: Abdominal Cavity > Flashcards

Exam 4: Abdominal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Proctodeum / Stomodeum

A

Lining of anus / mouth. Derived from Ectoderm.

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the foregut? Arterial supply? Gives rise to what embryological structures?

A

stomodeum (mouth) thru the first 1/3 of the duodenum. Arterial supply: celiac trunk. Grives rise to pharyngeal pouches, lower respiratory system, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the midgut? Arterial supply? Gives rise to what embryological structures?

A

Last 2/3 of duodenum thru the proximal 2/3 of colon. Arterial supply: SMA. Gives rise to yolk stalk.

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the hindgut? Arterial supply? Gives rise to what embryological structures?

A

Last 1/3 of colon to proctodeum (anus). Arterial supply: IMA. Gives rise to allantois (embryological waste sac), urinary bladder, most of urethra.

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5
Q

What does recanalization refer to during embryological development?

A

Hollowing out of primitive gut tube.

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6
Q

Atresia vs Stenosis

A

Recanalization failures.
Atresia = blockage
Stenosis = narrowing of lumen

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7
Q

Vacuoles

A

Compartmentalized pockets of air that trigger the formation of a hollow tube. No/few vacuoles will cause a atresia/stenosis.

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8
Q

Mesenteries. What are the two types?

A

Double layer of peritoneum formed by splanchnic mesoderm which connects organs to the body wall. Two types: Parietal (lines body wall) and Visceral (lines organs)

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9
Q

Three remnants of the ventral mesentery

A 
Falciform ligament (from liver to ventral body wall)
Coronary ligament (from liver to diaphragm)
Lesser Omentum: sheet of mesentery that goes from liver to stomach to duodenum. Not attached to  body wall.
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10
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

provides mesentery for most abdominal organs

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11
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs

A

abdominal esophagus, stomach, proximal 1/3 of duodenum, liver, gall bladder, bile duct, spleen, transverse colon, jejunum, ilium, cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon

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12
Q

Primarily retroperitoneal organs

A

thoracic esophagus, rectum, anal canal, kidneys

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13
Q

Secondairly Retroperitoneal

A

Suprarenal glands, aorta, vena cava, distal 2/3 of duodenum, pancreas, ureters, ascending and descending colon

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14
Q

Annular Pancreas

A

Bilobed ventral pancreatic buds during development wrap around gut tube and cause stenosis/atresia.

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15
Q

What germ layer is the spleen derived from?

A

NOT endodermal derivative like most other abdominal organs, but its an outpocketing of MESODERM in the dorsal mesentery.

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16
Q

Cloaca
Urorectal septum
Urorectal membrane
Anal membrane

A

Cloaca = ‘common sewer’ caudal hindgut forms from cloaca. Urorectal septum divides allantois and yolk stalk and seperates cloaca into the urogenital membrane and anal membrane (separates caudal hindgut from proctodeum)

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17
Q

Pectinate Line

A

ABOVE: Endoderm, drainage and innervation from hindgut, pressure and stretch receptors, no pain receptors.
BELOW: ectoderm, drainage and innervation from abdominal wall, lots of pain receptors

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18
Q

Non-perforate anus
Anoperineal fistula
Rectrourethral fistula
Rectovaginal fstula

A

Anal canal malformations
Anoperineal fistula - abnormal anatomical passage that connects anal canal and perineum
Rectourethral fistula - passage that connects anal canal and urethra
Rectovaginal fistula - passage that connects anal canal and vagina

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19
Q

What border of the stomach grows faster?

A

Dorsal border

Produces greater and lesser curvatures

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20
Q

Lesser curvature (ventral border) of stomach moves to the

A

right

Greater curvature moves to the left

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21
Q

Right Vagus nerve turns onto what surface of the stomach?

A

Dorsal surface

left vagus nerve on the ventral surface

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22
Q

Characteristics of Large intestine

A

taenia coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages

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23
Q

Cecum

A

blind intestinal pouch
Has vermiform appendix
Intraperitoneal

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24
Q

Ascending colon

A

between cecum and right colic flexure

Secondarily retroperitoneal

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25
Q

Transverse colon

A

between right and left colic flexures
Fuses with greater omentum
Intraperitoneal

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26
Q

Descending Colon

A

forms left paracolic gutter

Secondarily retroperitoneal

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27
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

S-shaped free portion of large intestine

Intraperitoneal

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28
Q

Rectum

A

Pelvic, fixed portion of large intestine

Primarily retroperitoneal

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29
Q

Arteries of the foregut are supplied by

A

the celiac trunk

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30
Q

Left gastric a.

A

branch of celiac trunk
goes to proximal portion of lesser curvature of stomach
Anastomoses with r. gastric a.

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31
Q

Splenic a.

A

branch of celiac trunk

Serves spleen

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32
Q

Common hepatic a.

A

branch of celiac trunk

Goes towards liver

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33
Q

Pancreatic a.

A

From Splenic a.

goes to neck, body, and tail of pancreas

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34
Q

Short gastric a.

A

from Spenic a.

goes to stomach closest to spleen

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35
Q

Left gastro-omental a.

A

from Splenic a.
Goes to left side of greater curvature of stomach
Anastomoses with r. gastro-omental a.

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36
Q

Gastroduodenal a.

A

branch of common hepatic a.

gives rise to R. gastro-omental a., superior pancreaticoduodenal a., and supraduodenal a.

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37
Q

Right gastro-omenal a.

A

from Gastroduodenal a.
Goes to right side of greater curvature of stomach
Anastomoses with left gastro-omental a.

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38
Q

Superior pancreaticduodenal a.

A

branch of gastroduodenal a.
Goes to stomach, pancreas, and head of duodenum
Anastomoses with inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.

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39
Q

Supraduodenal a.

A

branch of gastroduodenal a.
Goes to superior duodenum
Sometimes absent

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40
Q

Right gastric a.

A

branch of common hepatic a.
Goes to right lesser curvature of stomach
Anastomoses with L. gastric a.

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41
Q

Proper hepatic a.

A

branch of common hepatic a.
Goes to liver, Branches include Right hepatic a. and Left hepatic a.

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42
Q

Cystic a.

A

branch of right hepatic a.

Goes to gall bladder

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43
Q

Midgut is oxygenated by the

A

Superior mesenteric a. (SMA)

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44
Q

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.

A

Branch of SMA
goes to the head of the pancreas and the duodenum
Anastomoeses with superior pancreaticoduodenal a. and jejunal a.s

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45
Q

Intestinal a.s

A

from SMA

goes to jejunum and ileum

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46
Q

Ileocolic a.

A

from SMA

goes to the distal ileum and cecum

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47
Q

R. colic a.

A

from SMA

goes to the ascending colon

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48
Q

Middle colic a.

A

from SMA

goes to the transverse colon

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49
Q

Marginal a.

A

circles the colon
formed by branches of the SMA: ileocolic, r. colic, middle colic, and l. colic (IMA)
Gives rise to vasae rectae (straight vessels)

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50
Q

Hindgut is oxygenated by the

A

inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)

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51
Q

Left colic a.

A

from IMA
goes to descending colon
contributes to Marginal a.

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52
Q

Sigmoid a.

A

from IMA

goes to sigmoid colon

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53
Q

Superior rectal a.

A

from IMA
goes to proximal rectum
Anastomoses with middle and inferior rectal a.s

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54
Q

Main branches of hepatic portal system

A

Splenic vein, Superior mesenteric ein (SMV), and Inferior mesenteric vein (IMV)

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55
Q

Portal hypertension

A

raised blood pressure due to resistance of diseased liver
Therefore, blood will find alternate routes around the hepatic portal vein (portal-caval anastomoses)
Esophageal, Rectal, Umbilical, and Colic anastomosis

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56
Q

In the gut, sympathetics generally act to

A

innervate blood vessels and inhibit parasympathetics

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57
Q

In the gut, parasympathetics generally act to

A

promote peristalsis and some secretions

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58
Q

The foregut is innervated by

A

the celiac plexus

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59
Q

Foregut sympathetics

A

arise from T5-T9, pass through the sympathetic chain and greater splanchnic nerve
Synapse in celiac ganglia and postsynaptics follow branches of celiac trunk to organs

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60
Q

Foregut parasympathetics

A

Pass through Vagus nerve, through the celiac plexus, follow brnaches of celiac trunk and synapse in ganglia of gut plexuses
Postsynaptics reach target via short fibers

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61
Q

Midgut is innervated by

A

superior mesenteric plexus

62
Q

Midgut sympathethics

A

arise from T10-T12
Pass through lesser splanchnic or least splanchnic nerves
Synapse in superior mesenteric ganglion & follow SMA to organs

63
Q

Midgut parasympathetics

A

Vagus nerve
Pass through sumperior mesenteric plexus and follow branches of SMA to targets
Synapse in ganglia in gut plexus

64
Q

Hindgut innervated by

A

inferior mesenteric plexus and hyposastric plexus

65
Q

Hindgut Sympathetics

A

Arise from L1-L2 spinal nerves
Pass through lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)
Synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion
Postsynaptics follow branches of IMA to organs

66
Q

Hindgut parasympathetics

A

Arise from S2-S4 spinal nerve levels
Pass through sacral spinal nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves
Branches to colon pass cranially through hypogastric plexus and inferior mesenteric plexus
Follow branches of IMA to targets
Synapse in ganglia in gut plexuses

67
Q

Greater peritoneal sac

A

potential space surrounding the stomach and spleen

68
Q

Lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa)

A

Space behind stomach; between the posterior body wall and the stomach
Provides mobility for stomach

69
Q

Greater omentum

A

fatty apron

Composed of Gastrocolic ligament, gastrolinenal ligament, and gastrophrenic ligament

70
Q

Gastrocolic ligament

A

connects stomach to transverse colon

71
Q

Gastrolienal ligament

A

connect spleen to greater curvature of stomach

72
Q

Gastrophrenic ligament

A

connects stomach to diaphragm

73
Q

Less omentum

A

Composed to hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatogastric ligament

74
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament

A

connects liver to the duodenum

75
Q

Hepatogastric ligament

A

connects liver to stomach

76
Q

Dorsal mesointestine

A

frilly skirt mesentery that supports ileum and jejunum

77
Q

Dorsal mesocolon

A

supports cecum

78
Q

Mesoappendix

A

supports appendix

79
Q

Transverse mesocolon

A

divides abdominal cavity into supracolic compartment and infracolic compartment

80
Q

Supracolic compartment

A

contains stomach, liver, and spleen

81
Q

Infracolic compartment

A

contains small intestine, ascending and descending colon

82
Q

Sigmoid mesocolon

A

supports sigmoid colon

83
Q

Lienorenal ligament

A

from left kidney to spleen

84
Q

Coronary ligaments

A

peritoneal reflections around bare area of liver

85
Q

Hepatorenal ligament

A

coronary ligament running between peritoneum above right kidney and liver

86
Q

Falciform ligament

A

remnant of ventral mesentery connecting liver to anterior body wall

87
Q

Ligamentum teres (round ligament)

A

part of falciform ligament

Remnant of fetal umbilical vein

88
Q

Esophagus function

A

movement of food from mouth to stomach via peristalsis

89
Q

Stomach function

A

mechanical breakdown of food via muscular churning, aided by stomach acid and pepsin

90
Q

Rugae

A

folds on inside of stomach - allow for stomach streatching

91
Q

Small intestine function

A

Absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water

Chemical digestion of chyme

92
Q

Duodenum function

A

neutralize acid
break down fats - bile
Insulin and other pancreatic juices secreted

93
Q

Jejunum features

A

Deep red, 2-4 cm, thick and heavy wall, greater vascularity, long vasas recta, few large arcade loops, less fat, large and numerous plicae circulares

94
Q

Ileum features

A

Pinkish, thin and light wall, less vascular, short vasas recta, many short arcade loops, more fat in mesentery, low and sparse plicae circulares

95
Q

Large intestine functions

A

absorb water and remaining salts, commensal bacteria synthesize some vitamins

96
Q

Liver is innervated by

A

the celiac plexus

97
Q

Liver function

A

Protein synthesis, bile secretion, metabolism, detoxification

98
Q

Liver lobes

A

Right - large
Left - small
Caudate - upper tongue
Quadrate - lower, separated from right by gallbladder

99
Q

Porta hepatis

A

transverse fissure in liver where major vessels pass through

100
Q

Glisson’s capsule

A

thin capsule of dense connective tissue in liver, thickest at hilum

101
Q

Portal vein

A

carries oxygen poor, nutrient rich blood from gut to liver

Blood is detoxified before it drains into central vein, then goes back to heart via hepatic vein

102
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Oxygenated blood to liver

103
Q

Gallbladder innervated by

A

celiac plexus and some phrenic nerve

104
Q

Gallbladder functions

A

store and concentrates bile

105
Q

Gallbladder blood supply

A

cystic a., r. hepatic a.

106
Q

Pancreas is innervated by

A

celiac plexus and superior mesenteric plexus

107
Q

Pancreas functions

A

principal enzyme producing accessory gland of digestive system, endocrine functions (insulin synthesis)

108
Q

Spleen innervated by

A

celiac plexus

109
Q

Spleen functions

A

secondary lymphoid organ, proliferation of mature lymphocytes, antibody secretion, destruction of old RBC, recycling of chemicals from destroyed RBC

110
Q

Blood supply to spleen

A

Splenic artery (and vein)

111
Q

Kidney function

A

remove excess water, salts, and wastes of protein metabolism from blood, return nutrients to blood, regulate blood pressure and production of RBC

112
Q

Blood supply to kidney

A

Renal a., segmental a., interlobar a., arcuate a.

113
Q

Kidney innervation

A

Sympathetic (T10-L1)

Parasympathetic (Vagus and S2-S4)

114
Q

Suprarenal (adrenal) glands function

A

produce corticosteroids and androgens (cortex), produce norepinephrine and epinephrine (medulla)

115
Q

Blood supply to suprarenal glands

A

Superior suprarenal a., Middle suprarenal a., inferior suprarenal a.

116
Q

Superior suprarenal a.

A

from inferior phrenic a. to suprarenal gland

117
Q

Middle suprarenal a.

A

from aorta to suprarenal gland

118
Q

Inferior suprarenal a.

A

from renal a. to suprarenal gland

119
Q

Suprarenal gland innervated by

A

Presynaptic sympathetics to medulla (synapse on chromaffin cells)
Autonomic fibers with blood cells in cortex

120
Q

Diaphragm innervation

A 
phrenic nerve (C3-5) - motor and sensory
Intercostal nerves - sensory to periphery
121
Q

Diaphragm blood supply

A

Superior phrenic from thoracic aorta & inferior phrenic from abdominal aorta

122
Q

Psoas major m.

A

O: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; sides of vertebral bodies of T12-S1
I: lesser trochanter of femur
N: lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L2-L4
A: flexes thigh, flexes vertebral column laterally to balance trunk, flex trunk when sitting

123
Q

Iliacus m.

A

O: superior2/3 of iliac fossa, ala sacrum and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments
I: lesser trochanter of femur and shaft
N: femoral n. (L2-4)
A: flex thigh and stabilize hip joint

124
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

O: medial half of inferior border of 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse processes
I: iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest
N: anterior branch of T12 and L1-L4
A: extend and laterally flex vertebral column, fixes 12th rib during inspiration

125
Q

Subcostal nerves

A

from ventral rami of T12 to external oblique m. and skin of anterolateral abdominal wall

126
Q

Lumbar spinal nerves

A

From L1-L5 to deep back muscles, skin of back, sink and muscles of most inferior trunk and lower limb

127
Q

Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric n.

A

From L1 to abdominal m. and skin of inguinal and pubic regions
Ilioinguinal in inguinal canal

128
Q

Genitofemoral n.

A

From L1-L2 to skin below inguinal ligament

Divides into genital and femoral branches

129
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous n.

A

from L2-L3 to anterolateral skin of thigh

130
Q

Femoral n.

A

L2-L4 to iliacus, hip flexor, knee extensor

131
Q

Obturator n.

A

L2-L4 to medial thigh and adductors

Goes through obturator foramen

132
Q

Accessory obturator n.

A

From L3-L4 to pectineus, hip joint

133
Q

Lumbosacral trunk

A

From L4-L5 to join sacral plexus

134
Q

Subcostal a.

A

from thoracic aorta to posterior body wall inferior to the 12th rib

135
Q

Inferior phrenic a.

A

from abdominal aorta to inferior surface of diaphragm and suprarenal glands

136
Q

Renal a.

A

from abdominal aorta to kidneys

137
Q

Gonadal a. (testicular or ovarian)

A

from abdominal aorta to testes or ovaries

138
Q

Lumbar a.

A

from abdominal aorta to posterior abdominal wall

139
Q

Median sacral a.

A

from abdominal aorta to sacrum and coccyx

unpaired

140
Q

Abdominal aorta splits into

A

right and left common iliac a. at L4

141
Q

Common iliac a. divide into

A

internal and external iliac a.

142
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

drains blood from lower limbs, most of back, abdominal wall, and abdominopelvic viscera back to heart for oxygenation
Blood from gut passes through hepatic portal system first

143
Q

R, L, and middle hepatic veins

A

drain from liver to IVC

144
Q

R & L inferior phrenic veins

A

drain from inferior side of diaphragm to IVC

145
Q

R suprarenal vein

A

drain from Right suprarenal gland to IVC

146
Q

Left suprarenal vein

A

drain from left suprarenal gland to left renal vein

147
Q

Lumbar veins

A

drain from posterior body wall to IVC

148
Q

Right gonadal veins

A

drain from right testicle or ovary to IVC

149
Q

Left gonadal veins

A

drain from left testicle or ovary to left renal vein

150
Q

Which veins do not drain into the IVC?

A

Left suprarenal vein and left gonadal vein - drain into left renal vein

151
Q

Blood can bypass the IVC and return to heart if there is blockage via

A

Superior and inferior epigastric veins, thoracoepigastric veins, epidural venous plexus (lumbar veins of caval system & azygous)

152
Q

Origin of thoracic duct

A

anterior to L1 & L2 (between right crus and aorta) - ends at junction of Left subclavian and internal jugular vein

Anatomy (20 decks)

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