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psychobio > exam 4 chapter 12 > Flashcards

exam 4 chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

positive reinforcement

A

stimulus is presented + increases likelihood of behavior

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2
Q

negative reinforcement

A

stimulus is removed + increases likelihood of behavior

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3
Q

positive punishment

A

stimulus is presented + decreases likelihood of behavior

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4
Q

negative punishment

A

stimulus is removed + decreases likelihood of behavior

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5
Q

equipotentiality

A

all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors

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6
Q

mass action

A

the cortex works better as a whole, and more cortex is better

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7
Q

lateral interpositus nucleus

A

central for learning, responses increase as learning proceeds

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8
Q

classical conditioning engram is located in the ___, not the ___

A

cerebellum, cortex

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9
Q

cerebellum is critical for ___ conditioning

A

classical

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10
Q

iconic memory

A

brief storage of visual information

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11
Q

echoic memory

A

a brief storage of auditory information

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12
Q

iconic memory capacity

A

less than half a second

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13
Q

echoic memory capacity

A

3-4 seconds

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14
Q

short-term memory capacity

A

limited, fades quickly without rehearsal

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15
Q

long-term memory capacity

A

no limit, can be stimulated with cues

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16
Q

three key aspects of short term memory

A

limited capacity, limited duration, encoding

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17
Q

limited capactiy of short term memory

A

7 items can be stored at one time

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18
Q

limited duration

A

storage is very fragile and information can be lost with distraction or passage of time

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19
Q

encoding

A

how the information is processed, stored, and retrieved
(visual, acoustic, semantic, and elaborative)

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20
Q

digit span

A

maximum number of sequentially presented digits that can reliably be recalled in the correct order

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21
Q

chunking

A

grouping a series of random items into a smaller number of meaningful segments to enhance recall, often related to language patterns

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22
Q

locus coeruleus

A

increases release of norepinephrine

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23
Q

working memory

A

emphasis on temporary storage of information to actively attend to it and work on it for a period of time

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24
Q

three major components of working memory

A

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

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25
phonological loop
stores auditory input
26
visuospatial sketchpad
stores visual input
27
central executive
directs attention and determines which items to store
28
delayed response task
requires responding to something you heard or saw a while ago to test working memory
29
crucial to storage of working memory information
prefrontal cortex
30
changes in the ___ are assumed to be the cause of memory impairment in older people
prefrontal cortex
31
amnesia
memory loss
32
korsakoff's syndrome
brain damage caused by prolonged vitamin b deficiency
33
thiamine
vitamin b
34
korsakoff's syndrome likely cause
chronic alcoholism
35
confabulation
taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory
36
priming
one type of implicit memory, the phenomenon that seeing or hearing words temporarily increases one's probability of using them
37
alzheimer's
associated with gradually progressive loss of memory, often occurring in old age
38
alzheimer's is associated with an accumulation and clumping of the following brain proteins
amyloid beta protein and abnormal form of tau protein
39
amyloid beta protein...
creates plaques from damaged axons and dendrites
40
abnormal form of tau protein...
creates tangles
41
plaques
structures formed from degenerating neurons which accumulate between neurons
42
tangles
structures formed from degenerating structures within a neuronal body
43
anterograde amnesia
the loss of ability to create new memories after brain damage occurs
44
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory events prior to occurrence of brain damage
45
explicit memory
deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory (declarative memory)
46
episodic memory
ability to revall events and experiences
47
semantic memory
memories of factual information
48
implicit memory
influence of experience on behavior even if one does not recognize that influence
49
procedural memory
ability to develop motor skills
50
delayed matching-to-sample tasks
subject sees an object and must later choose the object that matches
51
delayed non-matching-to-sample tasks
subject sees an object and must later choose an object that is different than the sampel
52
radial mazes
subject must navigate a maze that has eight or more arms with a reinforcer at the end
53
morris water maze tasks
rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform just underneath the surface
54
place cells
hippocampal neurons tuned to particular spatial locations, responding best when an animal is in a particular place and looking in a particular direction
55
time cells
some place cells also function as time cells that respond at a particular point in a sequence of time
56
episodic memory
develops after a single experience
57
what is episodic memory dependent on (brain component)?
hippocampus
58
learning habits or learning what will happen under a set of circumstances is dependent on?
part of basal ganglia
59
striatum
caudate nucleus + putamen
60
basal ganglia
group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain important for initiation of behaviors not guided by a stimulus
61
structures of basal ganglia
striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen) and globus pallidus
62
amygdala contribution to memory
associated with fear learning
63
parietal lobe contribution to memory
piecing information together
64
anterior temporal cortex contribution to memory
damage results in loss of semantic memory
65
prefrontal cortex contribution to memory
learned behavior and decision making
66
hebbian synapse
occurs when the successful stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future
67
habituation
decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli
68
sensitization
increase in response to a mild stimulus as a result to previous exposure to a more intense stimulus
69
long-term potentiation
occurs when one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation
70
properties of long-term potentiation
specificity, cooperativity, associativity
71
specificity
only synapses that are highly active become strengthened
72
cooperativity
simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon
73
associativity
pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input
74
long-term depression
opposite of LTP, prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others
75
compensatory process
as one synapse strengthens, another weakens
76
biochemical mechanisms of LTP are known to depend on changes in ___ synapses primarily in the postsynaptic neuron
glutamate
77
two types of glutamate receptors
AMPA and NMDA
78
AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors
excited by glutamate, also respond to agonist drugs
79
repeated glutamate excitation of AMPA receptors ___ the membrane
depolarizes
80
extensive stimulation of a postsynaptic cell causes the release of a ___ that travels back to the presynaptic cell
retrograde transmitter
81
___ may enhance learning by increasing arousal
caffeine, ritalin, modafinil

psychobio (13 decks)

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