exam #4: chapter 16 Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
ventilation
A
-breathing
-move air into and out of the respiratory system
2
Q
gas exchange: external respiration
A
gas exchange between air and capillaries in the lungs
3
Q
gas exchange: internal respiration
A
gas exchange between systematic capillaries and tissues of the body
4
Q
cellular respiration = ___ utilization and ___ production
A
O2 utilization, CO2 production
5
Q
what happens to individual airway diameter, length, and number as you go deeper into the lungs? collective x-sectional area?
A
diameter decreases
length increases
number increases
cross-section area increases
6
Q
airway passages: conduction zone
-outside the lungs: ____–> epiglottis —>____
-inside the lungs: ___ –> bronchus —> ____–>…–> terminal bronchiole
A
-pharynx, larynx
-trachea, bronchiole
7
Q
airway passages: respiratory zone
-respiratory bronchiole–>…–> _____
A
alveolar sacs
8
Q
functions of conduction zone: 5
A
-passage of air
-warming
-humidification
-filtration
-immune surveillance
9
Q
role of mucociliary apparatus
A
removal or particulates = protective feature
10
Q
what is the source of water vapor in the conducting zone?
A
comes from mucus in the cells
11
Q
functions of respiratory zone: 3
A
-passage of air
-gas exchange
-immune surveillance
12
Q
where does gas exchange occur?
A
alveoli
13
Q
alveolar wall: type I alveolar cells
A
major lining cells, large surface area
14
Q
alveolar wall: type II alveolar cells
A
production of surfactants (keeps alveoli inflated)
15
Q
___ goes into the alveolus and ___ comes out of the alveolus
A
CO2 in
O2 out
16
Q
very thin diffusion barrier for gas exchange: 4 layers of respiratory membrane
1. fluid layer with ____
2. type __ alveolar cell membranes
3. narrow ____ space
4. capillary ____ cell membranes
A
- fluid layer with surfactant
- type I alveolar cell membranes
- narrow interstitial space
- capillary endothelial cell membranes
17
Q
thoracic cavity surrounded by ___ and the ___ muscles
A
rib cage, respiratory
18
Q
pleural space
-thin fluid layer between ___pleura covering lungs and ___ pleura lining thoracic cavity walls
-___-free, ___ space –> lungs cling to side of thorax
A
-visceral, parietal
-air-free, potential space
19
Q
diaphragm: muscle between ___ and ___ cavities
A
thoracic, abdominal
20
Q
quiet inspiration: ___ process
1. contraction of ___ = increase/decrease thoracic volume vertically
2. parasternal and external ____ contract = raising the ribs = increase/decrease thoracic volume horizontally
A
active (ATP)
1. diaphragm, increase
2. intercostals, increase
21
Q
quiet expiration: ___ process
___ of the inspiratory muscles
A
passive (no ATP)
relaxation
22
Q
forced expiration: ___ process
assisted by the ___ muscles
A
active (ATP)
abdominal
23
Q
Boyle’s Law
-at a constant temperature P1V1=P2V2
-thoracic ___ and ___ = air movement
A
expansion and contraction
24
Q
how do we get O2 into the body and CO2 out of the body?
A
pressure gradient induced by changes in lung volumes
25
PO2 pathway: ____--> blood plasma ---> ____ --> cytosol ---> ____
alveolar space--> blood plasma --->interstitial fluid --> cytosol ---> mitochondria
26
PCO2 pathway: mitochondria ---> ___ ---> interstitial fluid ---> ____ ---> alveoli
mitochondria ---> cytosol ---> interstitial fluid ---> blood plasma ---> alveoli
27
3 pressures
1. atmospheric: always 760 mm Hg
2. ____
3. ____
2. alveolar (intrapulmonary)
3. pleural (intrapleural)
28
-the lung can be viewed as a(n) active/passive, elastic container
-the "pleural space" contains only a film of fluid, so the lungs normally remain ___ with the chest walls
-the lung tends to recoil ___ and chest wall ___
-passive
-in contact
-inward, outward
29
-the lung recoiling inward and chest recoiling outward (forces in opposite directions) creates a ____ pleural pressure
-lungs expand and contract along with the ___ cavity
-negative
-thoracic
30
what happens if the pleural space is disrupted by air or fluid?
lungs collapse and get smaller, so they lose negative pressure
31
importance of the pleural space:
-____ separates each side of the thorax
-air (___thorax) and fluid (___thorax) --> relative ____ pressure lost ---> lung lobes ____
-new pressure gradient ---> ___thorax
-mediastinum separates each side of the thorax
-air (pneumothorax) and fluid (hydrothorax) --> relative negative pressure lost ---> lung lobes collapse
-new pressure gradient ---> pneumothorax
32
during inspiration:
- contraction of inspiratory muscles = increase __ volume = decrease ___ pressure = increase ___ volume = decrease ___ pressure
chest, intrapleural, lung, alveolar
33
during inspiration:
atmospheric pressure alveolar pressure = generation of pressure gradient = air flows into/out of the lung
>
into
34
during inspiration:
energy = muscular ___ = works against the elastic __ forces of the lung
contraction
recoil
35
during (passive) expiration:
decrease ___ volume = increase ___ pressure above ___ pressure = air goes in/out
lung, alveolar, atmospheric, out
36
pleural pressure is always higher/equal/lower compared to alveolar and atmospheric pressure
-always positive/equal/negative
lower
-negative
37
alveolar pressure is +/- during inspiration and +/- during expiration
- inspiration
+ expiration
38
trans-pulmonary pressure = ?
-always +/-
= change in pressure across the wall of the lung
= alveolar pressure - pleural pressure
-always +
39
lung volumes: 2 types
lung capacities: 2 types
lung volumes: tidal volume (TV) and residual volume (RV)
lung capacities: vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC)
40
tidal volume: the volume of gas _____
inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle
41
residual volume: the volume of gas ____
reminding in the lungs after a maximum expiration
42
total lung capacity: the total amount of gas ____
in the lungs after a maximum inspiration
43
vital capacity: the maximum amount of gas ____
that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
44
dead space
regions of the airways that are ventilated but no gas exchange occurs
45
physiologic dead space = ___ + ___
anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space
46
anatomic dead space:
-air in the ___ airways of respiratory system does/does not participate in gas exchange
-not all of the inspired air reaches the ___
-conduction, does not
-alveoli
47
alveolar of functional dead space:
-air in the ___ zone that is ventilated and does/does not participate in gas exchange
-due to lack of blood flow to ____
-respiratory, does not
-alveoli
48
for efficient gas exchange, want V/Q = ___
-systematic arterioles: dilate if arterial O2 levels are high/low = more/less blood with O2 delivered
-pulmonary arterioles: constrict if O2 levels are high/low = dilate if PAO2 high/low
0.8
-low, more
-low, high
49
factors affecting ventilation:
1. compliance =
-equation
2. elastance =
-equation
3. surface tension =
1. compliance = ability to swell from inside pressure
-compliance = delta V / delta P
2. elastane = recoil ability, resistance to swelling
-elasticity = 1/compliance
3. surface tension = increase area of a liquid
50
law of Laplace = pressure of alveoli is directly/inversely proportional to surface tension and directly/inversely proportional to radius of alveoli
directly
inversely
51
surfactants
-produced by ___
-higher/lower surface tension = increase/decrease compliance
-prevent ___ of smaller alveoli
-type II alveolar cells
-lower, increase
-collpase
52
pulmonary disorders: newborn respiratory distress syndrome
-____ anatomy
-____ insufficiency
-symptom?
-undeveloped
-surfactant
-every breath is like the first breath
53
pulmonary disorders: restrictive disorders
-accumulation of fibrous connective tissue in __ wall
-increase/decrease vital capacity
-increase/decrease compliance
-increased/reduced lung volume
-alveolar
-decrease
-decrease
-reduced
54
pulmonary disorders: obstructive disorders
-vital capacity is ___
-increased/reduced airflow exiting
-normal
-reduced
55
pulmonary disorders: emphysema
-___ tissue is destroyed
-increased/decreased compliance
-increases/reduces surface area for gas exchange
-cigarette smoking = increase WBC secretion = increase destruction tissue proteins = collapse ____
-alveolar
-increased
-reduces
-alveolar sacs
56
pulmonary disorders: COPD
-consists of which two disorders?
-asthma and emphysema
57
-Dalton's law: the law of ___ pressures
-henry's law: C = ?
-partial
- C = kP
58
how can gases exist in the liquid phase?
dissolved in the blood plasma
59
CO2 diffuses much more ready than O2
-need a much higher ___ gradient for O2 to supply enough molecules to tissues to product ATP
-much lower ___ gradient for CO2 needed to bring enough molecules to lung for exhalation
diffusion
60
forms of O2 transport: 3 types
-hemoglobin = 1 __ binds to 1 O2, thus 1 __ binds to 4 O2 maximally
-_____
-_____
-heme, Hb
-oxyhemoglobin
-deoxyhemoglobin
61
hemoglobin
-____-carrying capacity of blood determined by its [Hb]
-anemia = decrease RBCs = [Hb] increased/decreased
-polycythemia = increased RBCs = [Hb] increased/decreased
-Hb production controlled by ___
-oxygen
-decreased
-increased
-erythropoietin
62
problems related to hemoglobin:
-methemoglobin = cannot bind with ____
-carboxyhemoglobin = transport of ___ to tissues is impaired
O2
63
gas exchange at alveolar space:
loading of O2 = _____ blood = PO2 = 100 mm Hg = O2-Hb is ____
gas exchange at peripheral tissues:
unloading O2 = ______ blood = PO2 = 40 mm Hg = O2-Hb is ___
loading of O2 = oxygenated blood = PO2 = 100 mm Hg = O2-Hb is 98%
unloading O2 = deoxygenated blood = PO2 = 40 mm Hg = O2-Hb is 75%
64
structure of Hb changes conformation as subsequent O2/s bind or depart:
-affinity of Hb for O2 increases/decreases as more O2 binds
-Hb holds O2 more/less tightly at higher PO2s
-increases
-more
65
shifts in the Hb-O2 curve:
-shift of the curve to the left increases/decreases affinity for Hb for O2
increases
66
factors affecting O2-Hb affinity: all result in a shift of the curve to the right
-increase/decrease pH
-increase/decrease PCO2
-increase/decrease temperature
-increase/decrease [2,3-DPG] in RBC
-decrease
-increase
-increase
-increase
67
how 2,3 DPG alters affinity of Hb for O2
-O2 ___ its production
-it binds to Hb = increase/decrease in affinity for O2 = right/left shift where more O2 is released in tissues
-increases/decreases in hyperemic conditions
-inhibits
-decrease, right
-increase
68
muscle myoglobin
-has a higher/lower affinity for O2 than Hb
-ferrying effect: acts as a "go-between" in the transfer of O2 from ___ to ___ within muscle cells
-in cardiac muscles, has what function?
-higher
-blood, mitochondria
-O2 storage
69
acid-base balance
-acidosis = ph _ 7.35 = increase H+ ions
-alkalosis = ph _ 7.45 = decrease H+ ions
-volatile acid can be ___ (example)
-non-volatile acids cannot leave ___ (example)
-ventilation usually adjusted to ___ rate to maintain normal CO2 levels
-<
->
-converted to a gas (CO2 in bicarbonate buffer system)
-the blood (lactic acid, fatty acids, ketone bodies)
-metabolic
70
respiratory acidosis:
-caused by ___
-accumulation of ___ in the tissues = increase __ in blood = increase/decrease pH
respiratory alkalosis:
-caused by ___
-excessive loss of ___ = decrease ___ = increase/decrease pH
-hypoventilation
-CO2, PCO2, decrease
-hyperventilation
-CO2, PCO2, increase
71
CO2 transported in the blood in 3 forms:
-dissolved __ (10%)
-HCO3- (70%)
-_____ (20%) = unloading of __ = Hb-__ formed
-CO2
-carbaminohemoglobin = O2, CO2
72
at systematic capillaries: ___ shift into/out of RBCs
at pulmonary capillaries: reverse __ shift into/out of RBCs
chloride, into
chloride, out of
73
regulation of breathing
-for metabolic homeostasis, the frequency and amplitude of breathing must be respond to __ changes
-sensors: ___ for chemical changes, ___ for mechanical changes
-integration: ___ (___ respiratory centers)
-metabolic
-chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
-brain (brain stem)
74
central chemoreceptors
-located in ___
-more sensitive to blood ___ than blood pH
peripheral chemoreceptors
-___ and ___ bodies
-more sensitive to changes in blood pH than ___
-medulla
-PCO2
-carotid and aortic
-PO2
75
pulmonary mechanoreceptors: stretch receptors
-detect __ change
-present in the __ muscle of airways
-quick/slow adapting
-activated during ___ to force expiration
Hering-Breuer inflation reflex:
-triggered to prevent ___-inflation of the lungs
-volume
-smooth
-slow
-inspiration
-over
76
pulmonary mechanoreceptors: pulmonary irritant receptors
-aka ___ receptors
-detect __ of breathing
-respond to smoke = cause ___
-rapidly active
-frequency
-coughing
77
pulmonary mechanoreceptors: unmyelinated fibers
-sensory neurons located in ___
-stimulated by ___ substances
-produces initial apnea = ___ breathing
-lungs
-harmful
-rapid, shallow
78
the rhythmicity center
-located in ___
-basic rhythm is irregular, erratic and unstable --> it is not the ___ rhythm
-dorsal respiratory group = ____
-ventral respiratory group = ____
-medulla oblongata
-normal
-inspiration
-expiration
79
the pontine centers
-basic rhythm generated by the medullary rhythmicity center must be adjusted by ___
-apneustic center: promotes __ inspiration and __ expiration
-pneumotaxic center:___ the apneustic center's effects, ___ respiration thus the normal rhythm
-pons
-long, sharp
-antagonizes, inhibits
