exam #4: chapter 17 Flashcards
(54 cards)
functions of the kidneys
-primary function: regulate volume and components of ___ through ___ of blood plasma into urine
-regulate BP through __ of blood plasma
-regulate [___ products] in blood
-regulate concentration of ____
-regulate __ of body fluids
-secrete ____
-ECF (plasma and interstitial fluid), filtering
-volume
-waste
-electrolytes
-pH
-erythropoietin
structure of kidneys
-outer cortex: contains many ____
-inner medulla: renal ____
-collecting ducts of nephrons empty into minor ___ which unite to form a major ____ (form ___ that collects urine) –> transport urine to ____
-ureters –> ____ —> ____
-capillaries
-pyramids
-calyces, calyx, renal pelvis, ureters
-urinary bladder, urethra
path of urine:
nephrons —> ___ —> renal pelvis —> ___ —> bladder —> ___ —> exits
calyces, ureters, urethra
urinary bladder and urethra muscles
-detrusor: ___ muscle, bladder ___, voluntary/involuntary
-internal urethral sphincter: ___ muscle, voluntary/involuntary
-external urethral sphincter: ___ muscle, voluntary/involuntary
-smooth, wall, involuntary
-smooth, involuntary
-skeletal, voluntary
bladder filling and guarding reflux
-micturition center = ___ (quiet during this phase)
-filling of bladder = sympathetic ____ of detrusor and _____ of internal urethral sphincter
-somatic motor fibers stimulate ____ urethral sphincter
-pons
-relaxation, constriction
-external
voiding or micturition reflex
-as bladder fills, afferent firing along pelvic nerve increases –> triggers ____ in pons
-full bladder –> ponds signals ___ of sympathetic and ____ of parasympethic neurons –> contraction of detrusor and relaxation of ___ urethral sphincter
-somatic motor fibers control ___ urethral sphincter to relax
-micturition center
-inhibition, activation, internal
-external
renal plasma blood flow = volume of plasma delivered to ___ over time (__/__)
-RPF is 22% ___ output
kidneys
mL/min
cardiac
blood vessels in kidneys:
renal artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate a. —> interlobular a. —> ___ arteriole —> ___ (1st capillary) —> ____ arteriole —> ___ (2nd capillary) with _____ surrounding loop of henle –> venous blood
renal artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate a. —> interlobular a. —> afferent arteriole —> glomerulus (1st capillary) —> efferent arteriole —> peritubular capillaries (2nd capillary) with vasa recta surrounding loop of hence –> venous blood
function and structure of glomerulus
filtration of blood
tangle of capillaries
nephrons
-__ unit of the kidney
-vascular component: glomerulus- all of ___ passes through the glomeruli
-tubular components: ___ tubule
-situated in the cortex descending down into renal pyramids (3 limbs in order)
-the collecting ducts from nephrons drain into the minor ___
-basic functional
-RPF
-nephron
-descending, thin ascending, thick ascending
-calyces
cortical nephrons
-originates in ___ 2/3 of cortex
-more involved in solute ___ and waste ___
juxtamedullary nephrons
-originates in ___ 1/3 of cortex
-important for producing __ urine
-has longer ___ and well-developed ___
-outer
-reabsorption, secretion
-concentrated
-LOH, vasa recta
glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
-inner layer (podocytes) lines ___
-outer layer rounded and encompasses entire ____ (____ capsule)
-glomerular (bowman’s) space ____
-glomerular capsule + glomerulus = ___
-blood vessels
-glomerulus, bowman’s
-in-between
-renal corpuscle
an ultra filtrate in glomerulus must pass through:
1. ___ capillary- large pores in the ____
2. _____ membrane
3. slits in the processes of ___ which comprise the inner layer of the ___ capsule (slit ___ span the slits)
- fenestrated, endothelium
- basement
- podocytes, glomeular, diaphragms
-plasma proteins are mostly excluded from the filtrate due to ____ (endothelium) and ____ (basement membrane)
-filtered proteins reabsorbed by renal epithelial cells = ____ in urine
-two general cases for proteinuria
-large size, negative charge
-no proteins
-something wrong with tubules not reabsorbing proteins correctly, something wrong with glomerulus leaking proteins
forces that cause glomerular filtration
-formed under (1) hydrostatic pressure of ___
-counter by (2) hydrostatic pressure of ____ and (3) colloid osmotic pressure of ____
-net filtration pressure is __ mm Hg
-blood
-glomerular filtrate, plasma
-10
glomerular filtrate rate (GFR; mL/min)
-correlates with?
volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys each minute
-renal function
reabsorption of salts and water
-if GFR is 180 L/day, without reabsorption of salt and water = ____ and ___ imbalance
-volume of urine is - L/day (1%) –> 99% of filtrate is ____
-obligatory water loss
-dehydration, electrolyte
-1-2, reabsorbed
-minimal urine volume required to excrete metabolic waste
-____ from the glomerulus to form the filtrate
-____ brings waters and solutes out of the filtrate back into the plasma along the rest of the nephron
-___ of solutes into the filtrate for excretion or elimination
-filtration
-reabsorption
-secretion
EXAM Q WITH VALUES
-quantity of solute excrete = ?
-quantity of solute excrete per minute (mg/min) or renal excretion rate = ?
- = (quantity filtered + quantity secreted) - quantity reabsorbed
- = V (rate of urine formation, mL/min) x U (concentration of solute x in urine, mg/mL)
renal excretion or elimination rate (C)
amount of substance removed per unit of time (mg/min)
use of inulin to measure GFR
-if a substance is neither reabsorbed nor secreted then the amount excreted = ___
-renal excretion of inulin- filtered but neither ___ nor ___
-amount filtered
-reabsorbed, secreted
renal plasma clearance: creatinine
-a ___ of muscle creatine formed at a constant rate
-measure of the plasma creatinine is a good indicator of ___
-if GFR decreases, plasma creatinine increases/decreases and urine creatinine increases/decreases
-metabolite
-GFR
-increases, decreases
renal reabsorption
-transcellular (through tubular cells):
filtrate –> ___ membrane tubular cell –> __ membrane tubule cell —> interstitial fluid –> capillary
-paracellular (between tubular cells):
filtrate —> ___—> capillary
-which fluid compartment does trans cellular route involve that paracellular doesn’t?
-apical, basal
-interstitial fluid
-intracellular
99% of filtrate is reabsorbed
-approximately __% of the filtered salt and water is reabsorbed across PCT, __% is reabsorbed across LOH
-__% of the initial filtrate remains to enter DCT and collecting duct
-remaining 15% is resorbed variably
-salt transport in the PCT and LOH are/are not hormonally regulated and in the distal nephron are/are not hormonally regulated
-65, 20
-15
-are not, are
