exam #4: chapter 18 Flashcards by tori livelli

digestive system anatomy/flow:
oral cavity –> pharynx –> upper ___ sphincter –> esophagus –> lower ___ sphnicter –> stomach –> ___ sphincter –> small intestine –> ___ valve –> large intestine –> anus –> ___ and ___ anal sphincters

pharyngoesophageal
gastroesophageal
pyloric
ileocecal
internal, external

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digestive system anatomy
-____ (top layer)
-____ (second layer)
-____ (third layer)
-____ (fourth layer)

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscalaris
-serosa

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digestive activity: motility

mastication (chewing), deglutition (swelling), peristalsis (move food through gut), segmentation, haustration, defectation

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digestive activity: secretion

endocrine (hormones) and paracrine v.s exocrine (enzymes, electrolytes, HCl, water)

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digestive activités: digestion, absorption (enters where), storage (where)

-digestion: breaking down food
-absorption: digested food enters blood or lymph
-storage: stomach and colon

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digestive activities: elimination and regulation

-elimination: bile and indigestible food
-regulation: neural (ENS and ANS) and hormonal

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-digestion breaks down non-absorbable ___ into absorbable ___ building blocks
-____ into monomers, aided by enzymes

-polymers, monomer
-hydrolysis

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mastication (chewing)
-mixes food with saliva which contains ___, ___, and ___

-salivary amylase, mucus, growth factors

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deglutition (swallowing): 3 stages
1. oral stage ____ = ___ moved to ___
2. pharyngeal stage ___ = soft palate covers ___, vocal folds ___ and epiglottis covers them, upper ___ sphincter relaxes
-___ is moved out of pharynx –> upper ___ sphincter –> esophagus
3. esophageal stage ___ = ____ moves food down esophagus into ___

voluntary, bolus, pharynx
involuntary, nasopharynx, close, esophageal
-bolus, esophageal
involuntary, peristalsis, stomach

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esophagus
-upper third contains __ muscle, transitions to ___ muscle

skeletal, smooth

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lower esophageal sphincter
-relaxes to allow __ to pass
-closed to prevent regurgitation, heart burn - _____

-bolus
-gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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esophageal peristalsis
-series of localized reflexes in response to distention of wall by ___
-peristaltic wave: circular smooth muscle contacts on the __ side and relaxes on the __ side of the bolus –> longitudinal ___ of smooth muscle
-after food passes into stomach, lower esophageal sphincter ___

-bolus
-proximal, distal, contaction
-constricts

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structure of the stomach
-6 parts
-___ glands- deeper in mucosa

-cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus, pyloric sphincter
-gastric

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functions of the stomach
-stores ___- rug allow expansion
-churns food to mix with ___ secretions
-initiates digestion of ___
-kills ___
-moves food (chyme) into ____

-food
-gastric
-proteins
-bacteria
-small intestine

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stomach: motility
-3 muscle layers: inner ___, ___, and outer ___
-mixing: weak ___ constricting waves fundus to antrum
-food + gastric secretions = ___
-pyloric sphincter closed: emptying- strong ___ waves starting in atrium to pylorus
-pyloric sphincter relaxed: chyme enters ___
-full duodenum: pressure __ pyloric sphincter

-oblique, circular, longitudinal
-peristaltic
-chyme
-peristaltic
-duodenum
-closes

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stomach: gastric glands
-mucosa contains numerous gastric ___
-gastric ___ line the pits and secrete exocrine molecules and ___ into lumen, and endocrine and paracrine signaling molecules into interstitial space of ___
-goblet cells secrete ___ and ___

-pits
-glands, water, mucosa
-mucus and bicarbonate

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stomach gastric glands
-parietal cells secrete __ and __
-chief cells secrete ___
-enterochromaffin cells (EC) - ___ –> motility
-EC-like cells ___ –> gastric secretion
-G cells secrete ____
-D cells secrete ____
-ghrelin cells secrete ____

-HCl and intrinsic factor
-pepsinogen
-serotonin
-histamine
-gastrin
-somatostatin
-ghrelin

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regulation of stomach activities
-cephalic phase: (2 hormones)
-gastric phase (2 hormones)
-intestinal phase: gastric activity ___ when chyme enters the ___

-sight, smell, taste of food (gastrin, histamine)
-food in stomach HCl and pepsinogen)
-gastric activity inhibited when chyme enters the small intestine

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stomach: digestion and absorption
-HCl functions to provide an ___ gastric environment
-___ ingested proteins
-activates pepsinogen to ___
-kills ___

-acidic
-denatures
-pepsin
-bacteria

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stomach: digestion
-___ denatured and partially digested by pepsin = more digestible
-carbohydrate digestion by ___ is soon inactivated by acidity

-proteins
-salivary amylase

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stomach: absorption-minimal
-alcohol (ethanol): main absorption site is the ___
-aspirin and salicylates- unionized gastric pH

-small intestine

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stomach: gastric acid (HCl)
-produced by __ cells
-at apical membrane: H+ is secreted into gastric lumen by ___ active transport, through H+/K+/ATPase (___ pump), Cl- is secreted through ___ diffusion
-at basolateral membrane: HCO3- exits cells along its electrochemical gradient, by coupling its transport with Cl- against its gradient- ___ active transport

-parietal
-primary, proton, facilitated
-secondary

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stomach: regulation of gastric acid secretion
-neural: ___ and ___ nervous systems (__) stimulates parietal and ECL cells –> binds ___ receptors
-endocrine: ___ from G cells carried to parietal and ECL cells by blood circulation
-paracrine: ECL secretes histamine –> binds to __ receptors on parietal cells

-enteric, parasympathetic, ACh, muscarinic
-gastrin
-H2

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stomach: protection
-physical and chemical barriers- ___ contains HCO3- forms a barrier against actions of pepsin and acid
-tight ___ between adjacent epithelial cells
-rapid rate of cell ___
-____ E2 (PGE2) and I2 (PGI2)

-alkaline mucus
-junctions
-division
-prostaglandins

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peptic ulcers -erosions of ___ of stomach or duodenum -both __ and __ can damage lining and produce a peptic ulcer -causes: ___-secreting tumor, ____, ___ inhibit paracrine secretion of PGE2 and PGI2 -treatment: ____ inhibitors, ___ receptor (H2) blockers, ____ for bacteria

-mucosa -HCl, pepsin -gastrin, helicobacter pylori, NSAIDS -proton pump, histamine, antibiotics

small intestine: 3 parts -____-short: bile and pancreatic duct __ here -___-2/5 length -___-3/5 length - ____ into colon

-duodenum, empty -jejunum -ileum, ileocecal valve

small intestine: structure -folds --> ___ --> ___ (also known as the ___ border) -epithelial cells (____) interspersed with ___ cells -epithelial cells at the tips of villi are exfoliated and replaced by mitosis in intestinal ___ -___ propria contains lymphocytes, capillaries, and central lacteal

-villi, microvilli, brush -enterocytes, goblet -crypts -lamina

small intestine -function: complete digestion and absorption of ___, ___ and ____ -digestion: regards both ___ and ___ enzymes of microvilli attached to the cell ___ (not secreted) -absorption: very rapid due to villi and microvilli, ___ and ____ (carbohydrates, amino acids, etc.) and ____ (bile salts, electrolytes, etc.)

-carbohydrates, proteins, fats -pancreatic, brush border, membrane -duodenum and Jejunum, ileum

water absorption throughout the GI tract -____ absorption minimal -___ absorbs all but 2 L of ingested H2O and H2O from GI secretions, absorbs Na+ and Cl- -___ absorbs Na+ via facilitated diffusion and H2O follows by osmosis

-stomach -small intestine -large intestine

iron absorption -__ is primary organ for iron storage bound to __ protein

liver, ferritin

small intestine: motility -peristalsis: movement of ___ through the small intestine -segmentation: strong contraction of circular __ muscle to mix ___

-chyme -smooth, chyme

enterocytes secrete: secretin -stimulated by drop in __ -stimulates __ and __ secretion in pancreatic juice -increases __ secretion

-pH -HCO3- , H2O -gastrin

enterocytes secrete: cholecystokinin (CCK) -stimulated by presence of partially digested __ and __ -stimulates contraction of ____, thus secretion of ___ -stimulates enzymatic and ___ secretion in pancreatic juice

-fats, proteins -gallbladder, bile -HCO3-

enterocytes secrete: gastric inhibitory peptide or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) -stimulated by ___, ___, and ___ -stimulates ___ secretion from endocrine pancreas -inhibits gastric __ and __ secretion --> slows emptying

-proteins, fats, carbs -insulin -motility, HCl

enterocytes secrete: motilin -released from __ cells during fasting --> stimulates ___

M, motility

paracrine regulation filling --> increase intestinal pressure --> increase secretion of ____ (__ cells) in intestinal mucosa --> increase muscle contractions

serotonin, EC

anatomy of large intestine cecum --> __ colon --> transverse colon --> __ colon --> sigmoid colon --> ___ --> anal canal --> ___

ascending descending rectum anus

large intestine: motility -outer surface builds outward to form __ -haustrations: mixing movements triggered by ___ -mass ___ movements

-haustra -chyme -propulsive

large intestine -absorbing colon: ___ and ___, ___ secreted to neutralize, production of vitamin ___ and ___ -storage colon: ___ with residual H2O

-H2O, electrolytes, HCO3-, B, K -feces

large intestine: microbiota -microbes make vitamin _ and some vitamin _ -microbes make short-chain ___ from cellulose that can be used for energy and absorption

-K, B -fatty acids

large intestine: defection -waste material passes to the rectum = __ reflex -___ of rectum by fecal material --> signals sent to the __ region of the spinal cord -relaxation of ___ anal sphincter (___) and ___ anal sphincter (___)

-defecation -distension, sacral -internal, involuntary, external, voluntary

liver functions -__ of blood - ___ and ___ metabolism -___ synthesis -secretion of ____

-detoxification -carbohydrate, lipid -protein -bile

liver: blood flow -__ artery brings ___ blood to liver --> branches off aorta -___ portal system brings ___ and ___ blood from abdominal organs to liver -multiple hepatic ___ take ___ blood from liver to inferior vena cava

-hepatic, oxygenated -hepatic, nutrients, deoxygenated -veins, deoxygenated

liver: stricture -organized to __ the blood -lobes --> ___ --> __ cords or plates --> ___

-filter -lobules, hepatic, hepatocytes

liver: structure -branches of hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ductiles run together = ___ -then overlap with drainage by ___ hepatic veins

-portal triad -central veins

liver: structure -___-rich blood from hepatic artery and ___-rich blood from hepatic portal vein mix and flow through sinusoids toward central vein in center of each ___ -___ endothelium hepatocytes directly exposed to blood -___ canaliculi collect waste products --> flow in opposite direction to __ ductiles in portal trains --> ___

-oxygen, nutrient, lobule -fenestrated -bile, bile, gallbladder

bile secretion -bile stored in ___ until signaled to release -cholecystokinin - ___ signal -____ and ___ nervous sytem (ACh) -____ (re)circulation: 95% of bile from ileum reabsorbed

-gallbladder -primary -parasympathetic, enteric -enterohepatic

liver: bile -bile contains bile __ and bile __ -bile pigment = ____ (heme without __) -___ = increase in bile pigment levels

-acids, salts -bilirubin, Fe -jaundice

pancreas: endocrine v.s exocrine -___: islets of langerhans (insulin, glucagon, etc.) -___: pancreatic juice from acinar cells in ___ -contains ___, ___, and digestive enzymes including ____ -signals for secretion (3)

-endocrine -exocrine, acini -H2O, HCO3-, trypsinogen -secretin, CCK, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

pancreas -most pancreatic enzymes are produced as inactive precursors called ___ -___ triggers the activation of other pancreatic enzymes -pancreatic __ inhibitor inhibits activation of ___ in the pancreas -___: internal peptide bonds -___: removes fatty acids from glycerol -___: starch

-zymogens -trypsin -tryspin, trypsin -trypsin -lipase -amylase

neural regulation of GI activities: occurs faster and lasts shorter -extrinsic nervous system -parasympathetic: stimulatory/inhibitory -sympathetic: stimulatory/inhibitory -intrinsic division -__ nervous system -___ and __ plexi hormonal regulation: occurs slower and lasts longer

-stimulatory -inhibitory -enteric -submucosal, myenteric

enteric nervous system (ENS) -sensory ___ neurons: input to ENS, ANS , brain -___ or Auerbach's plexus: between longitudinal and circular smooth muscle, controls GI movements -___ or meissner's plexus: within submucosa, controls GI secretions and local blood flow -___ nervous system: mainly works through influencing ENS neurons

-afferent -myenteric -submucosal -autonomic

enteric nervous system (ENS) -___ or Auerbach's plexus innervates smooth muscle of muscular layer from esophagus through entire GI tract - ^ increases ___, intensity of ___, rate of ___, conduction rate of ___ waves -___ of meissner's plexus: SI and LI innervates mucosal layer -controls local secretion, local absorption, and location contraction of ___ mucosa

-myenteric -tone (tonic), contractions (phasic), contractions (phasic), excitatory -submucosal -muscularis

GI smooth muscle electrical activity -slow waves: are/are not action potentials, interstitial cells of __ pacemakers -spike potentials: are/are not action potentials, stretch and PNS trigger ____, sympathetic NS triggers ____

-are not, cajal -are, depolarization, hyperpolarization

neural regulation of peristalsis -ACh triggers release of __ and substance P ____ to bolus --> smooth muscle ____ -ACh triggers release of __, VIP, and ATP ___ to bolus --> smooth muscle ____

-ACh, proximal, contraction -NO, distal, relaxation

GI reflexes -several fast-acting, __ reflexes in GI tract mediated by ENS -____ reflex: increase gastric activity = increase motility of ileum = increase movement of chyme through ileocecal sphincter -___ reflex: increase distention of ileum = decrease gastric motility -____ reflex = increase distension in one GI segment = relaxation throughout rest of intestine -__ reflexes involve communication through CNS to mediate ENS function

-short -gastroileal -ileogastric -intesino-intestinal -long

-hormones tend to target ___ cells and __ muscle -paracrine mediators tend to target __ cells and and ___

-epithelial, smooth -epithelial, neurons

carbohydrates: digestion and absorption -__ amylase: digests starch to oligosaccharides -___ enzymes: hydrolyzes oligosaccharides into monosaccharides -only ___saccharides can be absorbed (glucose, galactose, fructose) -glucose absorbed by ___ active transport -glucose exits enterocytes to interstitial fluid via ___-___ transport

-pancreatic -brush border -mono -secondary -GLUT2, facilitated

proteins: digestion -digestion begins in the stomach when __ digests proteins to form polypeptides -in the duodenum and jejunum: -___ cleave peptide bonds in the interior of the polypeptide (___, chymotrypsin) -___ cleave peptide bonds from the ends of the polypeptide (carboxypeptidases, ____)

-pepsin -endopeptidases, trypsin -exopeptidases, aminopeptidases

proteins: absorption -free ___ absorbed by co-transport with Na+ (___ active transport) -di-___ and tri-___ transported by ___ active transport using a H+ gradient to transport them into the cytoplasm -facilitated transport of amino acids

-amino acids, secondary -peptides, peptides, secondary

lipids: digestion functions of bile salts -____: forms smaller fat molecules from big fat droplets -___ formation: transports digested fat in micelles digestion -___ lipase + ___ --> triglycerides -pancreatic ___ digests phospholipids into fatty acids

-emulsification -micelle -pancreatic, colipase -phospholipase

lipids: absorption -___ contain bile salts, free fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol -resynthesize ___ and ___ within ce;; --> combine with ____ to form ____ -secrete into central ___

-micelles -triglycerides, phospholipids, apolipoprotein, chylomicrons -lacteals

transport of lipids -in blood, lipids + ____ = lipoproteins -lipoprotein ____ hydrolyzes triglycerides -chylomicrons --> free ___ and __ to store in fat cells, cholesterol taken to the ___ -_____: triglycerides and cholesterol + apolipoproteins leave ___ to deliver triglycerides to organs -as triglycerides are removed, VLDLS --> ____ --> _____ -LDLS transport ___ to organs "bad cholesterol" -excess cholesterol is return to liver on ____

-apolipoproteins -lipase -fatty acids, glycerol, fat cells -very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), liver -intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) -high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

LDL, HDL, and atherosclerosis -atherosclerosis = __ of arteries -LDL is ___

-hardening -oxidized

exam #4: chapter 18 Flashcards

(64 cards)