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Psychology > Exam 4 : Chapters 8, 9, & 10 > Flashcards

Exam 4 : Chapters 8, 9, & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an evolutionary basis for emotions?

A

N/A

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2
Q

James Lange Theory of Emotion

A

The theory that a stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain.

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3
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

The theory that a stimulus simaltaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain.

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4
Q

Schacter Singer’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

The theory that emotions are based on interferences about the causes of pysiological arousal.

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5
Q

What are the two dimensions of emotion?

A

Valence and arousal

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6
Q

What does it mean to have high levels of arousal?

A

The state of being physiologically alert, awake, and attentive. Leads to attention narrowing.

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7
Q

Explain a negative vs a positive valence

A

A positive vs a negative ‘feeling’ emotion.

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8
Q

Neurological regulation of emotions

A

Amygdala

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9
Q

Describe the facial feedback hypothesis.

A

The theory that emotional expressions can cause the emotional expressions they signify.

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10
Q

What emotions and corresponding facial expression are similar across the world?

A

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness

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11
Q

Illustrators

A

Highlight speech w/ movement

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12
Q

Manipulators

A

involves touches of our bodies

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13
Q

Emblems

A

convey specific meaning without words

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14
Q

Describe each of Hall’s four levels of personal space. Will these rules be similar across cultures?

A 
Public Distance - 12ft +
Social Distance - 4-12ft
Personal Distance - 1.5-4ft
Intimate Distance - 0-1.5ft
No.
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15
Q

Explain the drive reduction theory. What three stimuli are huge motivators?

A

Hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate people to act.

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16
Q

How does positive reinforcement contribute to this theory?

A

Getting good stuff makes us want more.

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17
Q

How does negative reinforcement contribute to this theory?

A

Getting bad stuff makes us want less.

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18
Q

What part of the brain regulates these drives?

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

A 
Physiological needs, then,
Safety and security needs, then, 
Belongingness and love needs, then,
Esteem needs, then,
Need for self actualization.
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20
Q

Intrinsic Motivator

A

A motivation to take actions that are rewarding in themselves.

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21
Q

Extrinsic Motivator

A

A motivation to take actions that lead to a reward.

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22
Q

Are people more motivated by potential loss or potential gain?

A

People care more about losing than gaining usually.

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23
Q

What are some negative aspects of language?

A

Can make it difficult to convey meaning

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24
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound recognizable as speech

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25
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest meaningful units of language

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26
Q

Syntax

A

Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings.

27
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in understanding written and spoken language, and in producing language?

A

Broca’s Area - Involved mainly in producing speech, writing, and also in language processing.
Wernicke’s Area - Mainly language comprehension

28
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Processes auditory info

29
Q

Visual cortex

A

processes visual info

30
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension

31
Q

Broca’s area

A

language production and writing

32
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

movement of vocal chords, tongue, mouth

33
Q

Why has the development of cochlear implants helped scientists study language development?

A

Has shown that development to age 5 is key for lang.

34
Q

Discuss why babies can understand a language before the can speak/produce the language.

A

Inability to produce sounds.

35
Q

Outline how children learn to speak a language.

A

hearing it and practicing it. grammar development

36
Q

What are the benefits of being multilingual?

A

higher IQ, better attention, cognition, focus

37
Q

Judgement theories

A

Sorting of new information based on already had information

38
Q

Describe the prototype theory.

A

a mode of categorization

39
Q

How does the prototype theory contribute to the

representative heuristic?

A

stereotyping

40
Q

Describe the Exemplar theory.

A

A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgements by comparing a new instance with stored memories of other instances of that category.

41
Q

Availability bias

A

The concept that items that are more readily available in memory are judged as occuring more frequently

42
Q

Representative heuristic

A

A mental shortcut that invloves making a probability judgement by comparing an object w/ a protoype object

43
Q

Optimism bias

A

A bias wherby people believe that, compared with other people, thay are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future.

44
Q

Algorithms

A

A well defined sequence of procedures/rules that guarantees a solution to a problem.

45
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

When people think that two events are more likely to occur together that individually.

46
Q

Explain functional fixedness.

A

A bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

47
Q

g

A

General intelligence

48
Q

s

A

Specific abilities

49
Q

Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

A

Fluid - The ability to solve and reason about original problems.
Crystallized - The ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience.

50
Q

Multiple Intelligences

A 
Visual-Spatial
Bodily-kinesthetic
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
51
Q

Triarchic model

A

g
Memory, reasoning, verbal skill
specific intelligences

52
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

53
Q

Creativity

A

The use of imagination/originality

54
Q

Divergent

A

explore as many solutions as possible

55
Q

Convergent

A

explore one solution thouroughly

56
Q

WAIS

How is this culturally biased?

A

IQ test with cultural biases b/c language

57
Q

Raven’s progressive matrices
Why was this test developed?
Why is it considered culturally fair?

A

IQ developed to address cultural/linguistic bias

58
Q

Explain what a reliable IQ test will show.

A

N/A

59
Q

What can be predicted by a valid IQ test?

A

N/A

60
Q

What is the average IQ?

A

100

61
Q

What IQs are significantly higher or lower than the average?

A

retard - below 70

genius - 130 and above

62
Q

What three factors are required for a diagnosis of mental retardation?

A

onset prior to adult
iq below 70
cant function well daily

63
Q

Explain the discrete emotion theory.

A

The theory that we only have a small number of core emotions.

64
Q

Display rule

A

A norm for the appropriate expression of an emotion.

Psychology (4 decks)

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