Exam 5 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Contain an aldehyde or ketone and multiple alcohols
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
What is another name for saccharides?
A
Carbohydrates
3
Q
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
A
Energy production
Carbon supply for making cell parts
Energy storage
Structure of certain cells and tissues
4
Q
What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
5
Q
What is an achiral carbon?
A
Superimposable on mirror image
6
Q
What is a chiral carbon?
A
Non-superimposable on mirror image
7
Q
What is a chiral MOLECULE?
A
Has at least one carbon atom bonded to 4 different groups
8
Q
What is a D notation?
A
the -OH is on the right of the bottom most CHIRAL carbon
9
Q
What is an L notation?
A
the -OH is on the left of the bottom most CHIRAL carbon
10
Q
3 carbon atoms
A
triose
11
Q
4 carbon atoms
A
tetrose
12
Q
5 carbon atoms
A
pentose
13
Q
6 carbon atoms
A
hexose
14
Q
What does a ketone look like?
A
Has a C double bond O on the interior
15
Q
What does an aldehyde look like?
A
Has an O double bonded to a C on the outside
16
Q
What are the important monosaccharides?
A
Glucose Fructose Galactose Ribose Deoxyribose
17
Q
Most important simple sugar
AKA Dextrose
Doesn’t need to be broken down
Makes up starch, cellulose, glycogen, sucrose, lactose and maltose
A
Glucose
18
Q
Sweetest carbohydrate AKA Levulose or fruit sugar Found in fruit juices and honey Converts to glucose in the body Used widely in the food and beverage industry
A
Fructose
19
Q
Part of lactose
Used in cell membranes of brain and nervous system
A
Galactose
20
Q
Only slightly sweet
Component of ATP
Component of RNA
A
Ribose
21
Q
Used in synthesis of DNA
A
Deoxyribose
22
Q
Properties of monosaccharides
A
Taste sweet White crystalline solids High melting points Extremely soluble in water Easily oxidized and reduced Exist primarily in cyclic structures
23
Q
Two monosaccharides linked together by hydrolysis
A
Disaccharides
24
Q
Glucose + fructose
Table sugar
Obtained from sugar cane and sugar beets
A
Sucrose
25
Glucose + galactose
Milk sugar
Found in milk and milk products
Lactose
26
Glucose + glucose
Malt sugar - used in cereals, candies, and brewing
Obtained from the hydrolysis of starch
Maltose
27
Can disaccharides be absorbed by the human digestive system?
No
28
______ ______ break disaccharides apart into monosaccharides
digestive enzymes
29
3 important polysaccharides
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
30
Alpha glucose units
How glucose is stored in plants
Two main forms - amylose & amylopectin
Used by plants and herbivores as fuel
Starch
31
Beta glucose units
Major component of woody plants and fibers
Rigid and insoluble in water
Humans can't break this down
Cellulose
32
Also called animal starch
Main carbohydrate store in animals
Found in muscles and liver
Glycogen
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Organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents
Lipids
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Functions of lipids
```
Energy
Protection and insulation
Cell membrane structure
Hormones
Vitamins
```
35
4 main groups of lipids
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Nonglyceride lipids
Complex lipids
36
```
Only single carbon bonds
Stack in a regular closely packed structure
Strong interactions between chains
High melting points
Solid at room temp
Mainly obtained from animal sources
Called "fats"
Found in meats, whole milk, butter, cheese, etc.
```
Saturated fatty acids
37
```
Contain one or more cis double bonds
Cis bonds "kink" the chain so they cannot pack closely
Few attractions between chains
Low melting points
Liquids at room temperature
Mainly obtained from plant sources
Called "oils"
Found in olives, safflowers, corn, etc.
```
Unsaturated fatty acids
38
What does "essential" mean in essential fatty acids?
It means that they cannot be produced In the body
39
Fatty acids react with alcohols to form esters and water
Esterification
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10 carbons
decanoic acid
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12 carbons
dodecanoic acid
42
14 carbons
tetradecanoic acid
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16 carbons
hexadecanoic acid
44
18 carbons
octadecanoic acid
45
20 carbons
eicosanoic acid
46
Hydrogen added to both sides of double bond in unsaturated fatty acids
hydrogenation
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One fatty acid on glycerol
monoglycerides
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two fatty acids on glycerol
diglycerides
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three fatty acids on glycerol
triglycerides
50
Formed from glycerol plus 3 fatty acids
triglycerides
51
Esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids
glycerides
52
Bad cholesterol
LDL
53
Good cholesterol
HDL
54
Esters of saturated fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
Waxes
55
Lipids not derived from glycerol
Nonglyceride lipids
56
Base hydrolysis of a fatty acid ester
| Often used to make soap
Saponification
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Opposite process of esterification
Acid hydrolysis
58
Structural components of cell membranes
Sphingolipids
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A steroid nucleus plus an 8-10 carbon side chain and OH group
Found in animal fats and vegetable oils
Sterols
60
What does a steroid look like?
3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane
61
What is the most abundant steroid in the body?
Cholesterol
62
What is cholesterol needed for?
Cell membranes, brain and nerve tissue, steroid hormones, and Vitamin D
63
Lipids bonded to other types of molecules
Complex lipids
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Consist of both proteins and lipids
Lipoproteins
65
Contain one or more phosphate groups
Phospholipids
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Contain both proteins and lipids
Lipoproteins
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What does it mean to be an emulsifier?
Help transport of nonpolar lipids in polar body fluids
68
Lipids plus one or more phosphate groups
Phospholipids
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Carry triglycerides synthesized in liver to tissues for storage
VLDL - very low density lipoproteins
70
Phospholipids are the main component of ____ ______
cell membranes
71
Polar "head" on outside and inside of cell
| Nonpolar "tail" between the layers
Lipid bilayer
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Approximately 50% of the dry weight of the body consists of ______
proteins
73
Functions of proteins
```
Structural - provide support
Contractile - aid in motion
Transport - carry substances through the body
Storage - store nutrients
Hormone - regulate chemical reactions
Enzyme - catalyze biochemical reactions
```
74
R groups are alkyl groups
| Hydrophobic - repel water
Nonpolar
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R groups contain polar functional groups like alcohols, thiols and amines
Hydrophillic - attract water
Polar
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R groups contain carboxylic acid
Acidic
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R groups contain amino groups
Basic
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The different _ ____ determine the different amino acids
R groups
79
Sequence of amino acids in the peptide chain
| Any modification of this structure may lead to congenital defects
Primary protein structure
80
Shape the chain adopts
Secondary protein structure
81
Three dimensional shape of the molecule
Tertiary protein structure
82
Interaction of multiple polypeptide units
Quaternary protein structure
83
What are the tertiary shapes of proteins?
Globular and fibrous
84
Most common shapes of secondary protein structure
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
85
What is denaturation
Loss of structure by a protein
86
4 factors that can cause denaturation
Heat
pH changes
Organic compounds
Mechanical agitation
87
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Oxidoreductases
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Transfer of groups between compounds
Transferases
89
Hydrolysis reactions
Hydrolases
90
Reactions involving double bonds
Lyases
91
Molecular rearrangement
Isomerases
92
Formation of chemical bonds
Ligases
93
Only specific shaped substrates fit into the specific shaped enzyme
Lock and key
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Both the enzyme active site and substrate adjust shapes to align better
Different substrates won't cause this change to occur
Induced fit
95
The place on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs
Active site
96
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Temperature
pH
Concentration
Inhibitors
97
Similar structure to substrate and competes for active site
Competitive inhibitors
98
Binds to the enzyme somewhere other than active site
| Distorts enzyme shape so real substrate no longer fits
Noncompetitive inhibitors
99
The chemical reactions organisms need to survive
Metabolism
100
Complex molecules broken down to simpler ones
| Energy is released
Catabolism
101
Large molecules built from simple molecules
| Energy is absorbed
Anabolism
102
Stages of Metabolism
Digestion
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
103
Carbohydrates are broken down into what?
simple sugars (mainly glucose)
104
Lipids are broken down into what?
Fatty acids and glycerol
105
Proteins are broken down into what?
Amino acids
106
The chemical reactions involved in metabolism are organized into what?
Metabolic pathways
107
Where does digestion occur?
Mouth, stomach and small intestine
108
A 10-step process that begins the breakdown of glucose from:
| one 6-carbon glucose molecule to two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate
Glycolysis
109
Glycolysis can be broken down into two phases:
Energy investment and energy payoff
110
Reactions 1-5 in glycolysis
| 2 ATP "spent"
Energy investment
111
Reactions 6-10 in glycolysis
| 4 ATP produced
Energy payoff
112
1 complete turn of the citric acid cycle produces:
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
113
Pyruvate migrates to mitochondria where the next stage of metabolism occurs
Citric acid cycle
114
The electron transport chain produces:
32 ATP (plus water)
115
How much ATP is produced from 1 glucose molecule
36
