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Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ertythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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2
Q

Leucocytes

A

White blood cells

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3
Q

Plasma

A

The yellowish liquid part of blood that contain water, minerals, food and wastes from cells

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4
Q

Red blood cells

A

Livingncells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body

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5
Q

White blood cells

A

Living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the immune system.

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6
Q

Platelets

A

Small bodies involved in blood clotting

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7
Q

Circulatory system

A

The body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. Consists of the heart, blood vessels and lungs.

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8
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

controls heart rate by sending electrical signals through the heart muscle, making the heart contract and pump blood throughout the body.

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9
Q

Arteries

A

Hollow tubes with thick walls that Cary blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

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10
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

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11
Q

Capillaries

A

Minute tubes that Cary blood to the body cells. Every cell in the body is supplied with blood through capillaries

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12
Q

How does blood move around the body

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava. It then moves to the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The oxygenated blood then moves to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein and is then pushed down to the left ventricle where it goes out through the aorta and around the body. The cycle then repeats

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13
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

The bright red blood that has been supplied with oxygen in the lungs

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14
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Describes blood from which the oxygen has been removed.

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15
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

the vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart

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16
Q

Aorta

A

large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of the heart to the body

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17
Q

Vena cava

A

Large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart.

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18
Q

Left atrium

A

Upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the heart

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19
Q

Right atrium

A

Upper right section of the Herat where deoxgenated blood from the body enters.

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20
Q

Left ventricle

A

Lower left chamber of the heart which pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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21
Q

Septum

A

Thick wall that separates the two sides of the heart

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22
Q

Atria

A

Receiving chambers

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23
Q

Right ventricle

A

Lower right section of the heart which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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24
Q

Valves

A

Flap like folds in the lining of a blood vessel that allow a liquid such as blood to flow in one direction.

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25
Q

Blood pressure

A

measures how strongly the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries

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26
Q

Systolic pressure

A

the higher blood pressure reading during contraction of the heart muscles

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27
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

the lower blood pressure reading during relaxation of the heart muscles

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28
Q

Heartbeat

A

contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60–100 times per minute

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29
Q

Pulse

A

Alternating contraction and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood

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30
Q

Pacemaker

A

electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. It works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.

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31
Q

Heart

A

The blood pumps blood to the body and lungs

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32
Q

Nasal cavity

A

The nasal cavity or nose allows air to flow in.

Inside the nose, the air is filtered using fine hairs called cilia, removing any harmful particles.

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33
Q

Oxygen

A

gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis

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34
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

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35
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

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36
Q

Epiglottis

A

leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing and opens when food needs to move through the oesophagus

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37
Q

Respiratory system

A

the body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

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38
Q

Trachea

A

narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves it is strengthened by rings of cartilage

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39
Q

Lungs

A

he organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

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40
Q

Bronchi

A

the narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

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41
Q

Bronchioles

A

the narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

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42
Q

Gas exchange, cappiliries and alveoli

A

When oxygen is move into the blood stream for cells to take up gas exchange occurs. Caron dioxide also moves form the blood to the lungs. This all happens between the capillaries and alveoli. The alveoli give the oxygen to the capillaries os that it can go into the blood stream and cappiliries give alveoli co2 to get rid of. To speed up this process alveoli are thin and moist.

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43
Q

Alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

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44
Q

Arterioles

A

vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

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45
Q

Diaphragm

A

flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and the abdomen. Main muscle involved in breathing.

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46
Q

Larynx

A

hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs.

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47
Q

Gas exchange

A

Gas exchange is where oxygen that we have breathed in is moved into the bloodstream for cells to take up, and where carbon dioxide shifts from the bloodstream into the lungs, so that it can be breathed out.

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48
Q

Pharynx

A

This is the soft part at the top of the throat that connects the mouth and nose to the oesophagus

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49
Q

Vital capacity

A

the largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time

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50
Q

Respiration

A

A series of chemical reactions that cells perform in order to produce energy form nutrients

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51
Q

Breathing

A

movement of muscles in the chest causing air to enter the lungs and the altered air in the lungs to leave. The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the air leaving the lungs.

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52
Q

Respiratory surface

A

Membrane between the alveoli and capillaries

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53
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of food into a form that can be used by an animal. It includes both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

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54
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with the teeth

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55
Q

Chemical digestion

A

the chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream for use in other parts of the body

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56
Q

Alimentary canal

A

passage from the mouth to the anus. Digestion of food occurs as it moves through the canal.

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57
Q

Enzymes

A

special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction

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58
Q

Saliva

A

watery substance in the mouth that moistens food before swallowing. Has amylase enzyme which breaks down starch into sugar.

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59
Q

Salivary glands

A

glands in the mouth that produce saliva

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60
Q

Bolus

A

round, chewed-up ball of food made in the mouth that makes swallowing easier

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61
Q

Oesophagus

A

part of the digestive system composed of a tube connecting the mouth with the stomach

62
Q

Peristalsis

A

the process of pushing food along the oesophagus or small intestine by the action of muscles

63
Q

Stomach

A

large muscular organ that churns and mixes food with gastric juice to start to break down protein

64
Q

Small intestine

A

the part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine, where much of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place,

65
Q

Absorption

A

the taking in of a substance, for example from the intestine to the surrounding capillaries

66
Q

Nutrients

A

substances that provide energy and chemicals that living things need to stay alive, grow and reproduce

67
Q

Bile

A

substance produced by the liver that helps digest fats and oils

68
Q

Gall bladder

A

small organ that stores and concentrates bile within the body

69
Q

Lipids

A

type of nutrients that include fats and oils

70
Q

Lipase

A

enzymes that break fats and oils down into fatty acids and glycerol

71
Q

Amylase

A

an enzyme in saliva that breaks starch down into sugar

72
Q

Pro teases

A

enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids

73
Q

Pancreas

A

large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes. The enzymes found here are amylase, protease and lipase. Pancreatic juice which is alkaline is made here which neutralises stomach acid

74
Q

Colon

A

the part of the large intestine where a food mass passes from the small intestine, and where water and other remaining essential nutrients are absorbed into the body

75
Q

Large intestine

A

the penultimate part of the digestive system, where water, vitamins and minerals are absorbed from the waste before it is transported out of the body.

76
Q

Rectum

A

the final section of the digestive system, where waste food matter is stored as faeces before being excreted through the anus

77
Q

Anus

A

the final part of the digestive system, through which faeces are passed as waste

78
Q

Emulsify

A

combine two liquids that do not normally mix easily

79
Q

Denatured

A

describes the condition of proteins after they have been overheated

80
Q

Substrate

A

substance acted upon by an enzyme

81
Q

Product

A

new chemical substance that results from a chemical reaction

82
Q

Burping

A

release of swallowed gas through the mouth

83
Q

Heartburn

A

burning sensation caused by stomach acid rising into the oesophagus

84
Q

Flatulence

A

release of gas through the anus. This gas is produced by bacteria in the large intestine.

85
Q

Diarrhoea

A

excessive discharge of watery faeces

86
Q

Villi

A

Finger like projection that increase the surface area of the small intestine and have bloood vessels which allow digested nutrients to get into the ciruculatory system

86
Q

Liver

A

The liver produces bile which is involved in the breakdown of fats, controls blood sugar, destroys pions and stores vitamins a, b and d and iron

87
Q

Gastric juice

A

Is made up of mucus, hydrochloric acid and pepsin which breaks down protein into amino acid. The mucus protect the walls from enzymes and acid while the acid kills off bacteria

88
Q

Asthma

A

Narrowing of the air pipes that join that and nose to the lungs

89
Q

How does air move through the respiratory system

A

Oxygen enters the nasal cavity, where it moves past the larynx where the epiglottis moves it towards the trachea. The air moves down into the bronchi and then smaller tubes called bronchioles. The oxygen then moves into the alveoli which diffuse the oxygen into capillaries where it is then circulated through the blood. The opposite occurs for carbon dioxide.

90
Q

Incisors

A

Acts like scissors and used for biting and cutting food. Found at the front of the mouth

91
Q

Canines

A

Fang like and tear and grasp the food. Use to tear meat. Have a sharp point

92
Q

Molars and premolars

A

Have points or cusps that fit together with those in the upper or lower jaw. Molars have five cusps and premolars have two. They are used for grinding and crushing food. Found at the back of the mouth.

93
Q

Central nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

94
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Made up on sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest fo the body, and detects and responds to change.

95
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cell consisting of a cell body, axon and dendrite

96
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical releases from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells during a nerve impulse.

97
Q

Reflex arc

A

A nervous pathway involving a small number of neurons. A reflex occurs when nervous impulses travel from the receptor to the factor organ. Does not involve the brain and is interpreated by the spinal cord. Breathing is a reflex action.

98
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of s relatively constant internal body environment of the body or part fo the body.

99
Q

Conscious response

A

Actions taken after the brain receives information from one of the sense organs

100
Q

Stimulus response model

A

Stimulus. Receptor. Control centre. Effector. Response

This medal occurs when messages in the form of nerve impulses are sent to the control Center after a stimulus has been detected by a. Receptor. The message is then interpreted and the peel not response is sent to the effector.

101
Q

Nervous system

A

The system of nerves and nerve centres in which messages are sent int he from of nerve impulses and the a chemical impulse. It comprises of a central and peripheral nervous system

102
Q

Sensory neurons

A

A nerve cell in the sense organ. It detects change in the environment and sends a message to the central nervous system.

103
Q

Interneuron

A

A nerve cell that carries nervous impulse through the nervous system. Provides a link between sensory and motor neurons.

104
Q

Motor neurons

A

The nerve cells that are sent away from the control centre and causes and organ such as a muscle or gland to respond to a stimulus.

105
Q

How do messages travel through neurons

A

Neurons are made up of three main parts: cell body, dendrites and axon. The electrical impulse enters the neuron through the denrite which then sends it in though the cell body and the axon. When it reaches the end of the axon neurotransmitters are released into the synapse between it and another neuron. The chemical message from the neurotransmitters then bind to receptors fo the denrties sof the other neuron where the chemical message may be turned back into an electrical impulse. This continues until the message reaches an effector and brings about a response through the motor neuron.

106
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between adjoining neurons across which electrical nervous impulses are sent after they receive message from other neurons.

107
Q

Denrites

A

Structures that relay information to the cell body of a neuron after receiving messages from another.

108
Q

Axon

A

The axon is a long structure which the nerve impulse travel through after moving from dendites tic ell body. They’re are axon branches at the end of these.

109
Q

Myelin

A

A white insulating substance that often covers axons which speeds up the process.

110
Q

Types of receptor, what they respond to and where they are found.

A

Photoreceptors- light, eye
Mechanoreceptor- sound/ pressure/movement, ear

Chemoreceptor- chemicals, tongue/nose

Thermoreceptors- temp, skin

111
Q

Sense organs

A

Specialised structure that detects stimuli

112
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect changes in temp

113
Q

Mechnaoreceptor

A

Detect touch, pressure and motion enabling you to balance hear and sense pressure and movement. Found in inner ear, skeletal muscle, and skin.

114
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Special cells within a sense organ that are sensitive to particular chemicals. Give you sensation of smell and taste.

115
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Found in the eye, photoreceptors detect changes in light differences movement and shape allowing us to see. W

116
Q

What are receptors

A

Receptors are special nerve cells which can be found in you eyes, ear, nose tongue and skin. They identify changes ina din out of the body

117
Q

Negative feedback

A

A response that occurs in the opposite direction to the stimulus. It is a response that reduces the original stimulus. Eg. If levels of a particular chemical are too high the response would be too lower them

118
Q

Positive feedback

A

Results in a response going int eh same direction as the stimulus. Eg. When a mother is breastfeeding mechanoreceptors detect this and increase the amount of milk to the breast.

119
Q

Endocrine system

A

Composed of endocrine glands which release hormones into the blood strain so that a specific effect occurs. The hormones are transported through the circulatory system to the effector which causes a response. The endocrine system works slowly but is long lasting.

120
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substance produced by glands and circulated through the blood. The have a specific effect on the body.

121
Q

Thalamus

A

Part fo the brain which all sensory info (except smell) passes through before going to the other parts fo the brain.

122
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Monitors internal systems and controls the release of hormones to maintain homeostasis. Provides a bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems in a way that interprets eletrcical message and releases Homer’s to bring a bout a response.

123
Q

Brain stem or medulla

A

Connected to the spinal cord and controls all involuntary actions such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion

124
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest parts of the brain and is responsible for higher thinking, conscious response and voluntary actions. It is made up of four lobes and two hemispheres.

125
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The somatic nervous system collects information through sensory organs such as the eyes ear and might. It also coordinates movement of the body.

126
Q

Autonomic nervousn sytem

A

The autonomic nervous system is a control sytem that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as Herat rate, digestion, respitpry rate and sexual arousal.

127
Q

Target cells

A

Cells in the body that respond to a particular hormone

128
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland that controls and tells other endocrine glands to secret hormones

129
Q

Pineal gland

A

Gland that produces melatonin which regulates sleeping and waking.

130
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer deeply folded surface of cerebrum

131
Q

Pupil

A

Hole through which light enters the eye.

132
Q

Iris

A

Coloured part of the eye which opens and closes to control the amount of light that enters the eye.

133
Q

Cornea

A

Clear outer part of the eye that protects the eye

134
Q

Lens

A

Transparent curved object which bends light to the focus point at the back fo the eye.

135
Q

Retina

A

Curved surface at the back fo the eye lined with sight receptors

136
Q

Optic nerve

A

Sends signals form the retina to the brain to be interpreted

137
Q

Rods and cones z

A

Rod sallow us to see black and white and cones allow us to see colour.

138
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Nerve that sends signals to the brain from the nose.

139
Q

Spinal cord

A

Connects the PNS to CNS. It is the main pathway for the rain to send info to other parts of the body.

139
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Both are part of autonomic nervous system and are involuntary. Sympathetic activates fight or flight mechanism when you are stressed and causes: increase in heart rate, increase in air intake, pupils are dilated and digestion is slowed down. Parasympathetic occurs when you are relaxed and activates rest and digest. It is very important in regulating normal bodily functions eg. decrease in heart rate, decrease in air intake, pupils are constructed and muscles involved in digestion relax. They work together to maintain homeostasis

140
Q

Excretory system

A

The system that gets rid of waste. Without it the build up of waste would be toxic and would poison the cells. There are four main organs involved: lungs, liver, skin and kidney.

141
Q

Liver in excretory

A

Converts things to a form that ca be excreted.

142
Q

Kidney

A

Responsible for regulating water levels in the body.

143
Q

Lungs in excretory

A

Exhale carbon dioxide as waste product.

144
Q

Skin inexcretory

A

The skin gets rid of salts, heat and urea though sweating

145
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

Made up of bones, joints and muscles. It provides form, support and movement.

146
Q

Bones

A

Provide support and help form our shape. Bones re made up of: compact bone which is the solid hard outside and cancellous bone which is the spongy inside.

147
Q

Joints

A

Where two bones meet. Make skeleton flexible

148
Q

Muscles

A

Pull on joints allowing us to move. Tendons connect the muscle to teh bone. Three type of muscle: skeletal, smooth/involuntary and cardiac.

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