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Flashcards in Exam II Material Deck (72)
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1
Q

What is the term for how well a boundary between two areas of differing radiodensity is revealed.

A

Sharpness

2
Q

What is the term for how well a radiograph is able to reveal small objects that are close together

A

Spatial Resolution

3
Q

What are the three ways that we can optimize image sharpness?

A

1.Small focal spot 2.Increase the distance between the focal spot and the object (use a long cylinder) 3.Minimize distance between object and image receptor

4
Q

What happens if you decrease the distance from the focal spot to the object?

A

Image Size Distortion!

5
Q

What are the two types of distortion mentioned?

A

Foreshortening and Elongation

6
Q

_______ technique, the preferred method for making radiographs.

A

ParaLLeling Technique

7
Q

In the Paralleling Technique, Placing image ______ parallel w/ ______ of tooth….Minimizes image ________.

A

receptor…long axis…distortion

8
Q

To overcome some image magnification and loss of sharpness, use a relative _____ aiming cylinder “cone” to _____ the focal spot.

A

long…increase

9
Q

What are the 2 ways we can Localize an Object?

A

1.SLOB rule 2.90 degree rule (2 views at 90degrees from each other)

10
Q

What does it mean if we are trying to localize an object with the SLOB rule and the object does not move?

A

the object is neither buccal nor lingual… its in the middle!

11
Q

What is this an example of? Expanded cortex is more opaque than the region inside the border as a result of the ________.

A

eggshell effect

12
Q

In the picture ID slides, what is the structure that can cover the apex of the mandibular incisors?

A

the mental ridges

13
Q

In the picture ID slides, what is the hole in the middle of the genial tubercles?

A

the Lingual foramen

14
Q

In the picture ID slides, what are the dense pieces of cortical bone that are rare in the mouth?

A

tori

15
Q

What is the total number of images in a FMX (CMS)?

A

18 (14PA’s & 4 BW’s)

16
Q

Key point in rationale for imaging: use the correct imaging modality to match the ______ task!!!!

A

diagnostic

17
Q

What is the main reason we don’t use CBCT in every day dentistry?

A

It can’t diagnose dental caries

18
Q

For PA’s: see the entire tooth, including the root, plus at least ___ mm of bone past the root; if pathology is present, need to see the entire lesion and normal bone on one radiograph….For BW’s: each posterior ______ surface should be seen at least once (with no significant overlap)

A

2….proximal

19
Q

Radiographs should have the least possible amount of _______—importance of correct receptor position & beam angulation

A

distortion

20
Q

Radiographs should have optimal density and ______—use proper exposure settings

A

contrast

21
Q

Central ray of beam directed at _______ to teeth and receptor.

A

right angles

22
Q

the receptor is placed ______ to the teeth, _____ in the patient’s mouth

A

parallel…deep

23
Q

What is a good technique if you are unable to apply the paralleling technique?

A

Bisecting Angle Technique (putting receptor along the angle of the central incisor)

24
Q

When taking XRays: ALWAYS Use the ______!!! Acknowledge patient’s complaints regarding size of receptor, etc.; but don’t show too much _______; instead emphasize need for cooperation, perseverance, etc.; at the end of the exposures, express appreciation for the cooperation and ‘hard work’

A

lead apron….empathy

25
Q

the FMX template default is to start with the _________ projection, then proceed around the _______ arch, drop down to the ________ projection, proceeding around the arch to finish with the _________ projection.

A

maxillary right molar..maxillary..mandibular left molar….mandibular right molar (FOLLOW THE TEETH NUMBERS)

26
Q

Assemble the digital sensor using the _____ XCP receptor holder for posteriors, _____ for anteriors and _____ for bitewings

A

yellow XCP receptor holder for posteriors, blue for anteriors and red for bitewings

27
Q

Most exposure time at school will be ____ seconds, and hold the button down the whole time!

A

0.125

28
Q

When picking out images, what is the MAIN structure he wanted us to know???

A

Zygomatic process of the Maxilla

29
Q

_______: Useful primarily in cases of periodontal disease since the alveolar crest is located more apically than in healthy patients.

A

Vertical Bitewings

30
Q

Which type of radiograph can be useful with a patient who can’t open all the way?

A

Occlusial RadioGraphs

31
Q

Having a shallow palate can lead to image ______ because you are going to have to increase the vertical angulation.

A

distortion

32
Q

What directions do you interpret a radiograph? So, ______ are almost last!

A

Clock-wise (starting w. pt right and working outside to inside)…teeth are almost last!

33
Q

In radiograph interpretation, _______ is very important.

A

symmatry

34
Q

What are the 5 steps to interpreting a Pano or FMX?

A

1.Check image quality 2.bony anatomy 3.spaces/radiolucenceis 4.restorations 5.region of interest

35
Q

Assess symmetry of form and density, Follow cortical boundaries, Count teeth—-all ______ viewing sequence

A

GLOBAL

36
Q

Assess periodontal ligament space and lamina dura, Evaluate root form and canal structure, Assess crowns for caries or abnormality—–all _____ viewing sequence

A

Local

37
Q

Nomarl & Abnormal: what is the acronym to help us?

A

DM-SLS-IE…Margin S—Size L—Location S—Shape I—Internal character E—Effects on surrounding structures


38
Q

What is a radiolucent lesion with one spot and corticated lesions?

A

Unilocular Radiolucent Lesion With Corticated Borders

39
Q

What is a radiolucent lesion with one spot and no corticated borders?

A

Unilocular Radiolucent Lesion with Non-Corticated Borders

40
Q

What is the “soap-bubble”/ grape cluster radiolucency?

A

Multilocular Radiolucent Lesion

41
Q

________: Note that the radiolucencies are well defined

but not corticated.

A

Multi-focal Radiolucencies

42
Q

What are radiolucencies that look like a bug has eaten them?

A

Moth-Eaten Radiolucenies

43
Q

Between Roots: Unilocular Corticated Radiolucent Lesion in the Inter-________ Location

A

Unilocular Corticated Radiolucent Lesion in the Inter-Radicular Location

44
Q

Impaction: Unilocular Corticated Radiolucent Lesion in a _______ Location

A

pericoronal

45
Q

What is the radio opaque lesion that is a solid well defined ball?

A

Focal Opacity

46
Q

What is the radio opaque lesion that has a solid ball with a ring around it?

A

a target lesion

47
Q

What is the “cotton wool” like radio opaque lesion?

A

Multi-focal confluent radioopacity

48
Q

___regular and ____-defined radiopaque pattern

A

Irregular…ill-defined

49
Q

What is the radio opacity that looks like shards of glass?

A

gound-glass radiopacity

50
Q

What is the radio opacity that has dense and non dense regions?

A

Mixed-density lesion

51
Q

In a soft tissue opacity, you can have _____ lymph nodes.

A

calcified

52
Q

_______: radiopacities of the SUBMANDIUBLAR gland

A

Sia-lo-lith

53
Q

What is the most common calcification? It can cause ______ as well…

A

Tonsil-liths…Halitosis

54
Q

The facial vein can have a ______lith.

A

Phlebo-lith

55
Q

What was the really common blockage at the y of the carotid arteries?

A

Calcified Carotid Atheromas (OUR CADAVER!!)

56
Q

Radiolucent, Mixed radiolucent- radiopaque, Septations, loculations

A

Benign

57
Q

Always radiolucent, except: Metastases Breast cancer

Prostate cancer Osteogenic sarcoma

A

Malignancy

58
Q

Well-defined narrow zone of transition Smooth, regular Corticated

A

Benign

59
Q

Ill-defined:wide zone of transition Ragged, Moth-eaten

A

Malignant

60
Q

Round or oval shape

A

Benign

61
Q

irregular shape

A

malignant

62
Q

Cortical Bone: Expansion, Thinning, Aggressive benign may erode

A

benign

63
Q

Cortical Bone: Erosion,Destruction

A

malignant

64
Q

Max Sinus: Displacement

A

benign

65
Q

Max Sinus: Erosion, Destruction

A

malignant

66
Q

Inferior Alveolar Nerve: Displacement mandibular canal, No neuro-sensory deficits

A

Benign

67
Q

Inferior Alveolar Nerve: Invasion and destruction of canal, Anesthesia, paresthesia

A

Malignant

68
Q

Tooth position: Displacement, May prevent eruption

A

benign

69
Q

Tooth position: floating teeth

A

malignant

70
Q

Tooth roots: Horizontal or near horizontal

A

benign

71
Q

Tooth roots: More variable, Sometimes no root resorption, Spiked roots

A

malignant

72
Q

Asymmetric widening of the periodontal ligament space and loss of lamina dura can be a sign of
a ________ tumor like a _______, ______, or _______. but can also be caused by: ________, ________, or ______.

A

malignant…Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Lymphoma……Scleroderma, Vertical root fracture, or Orthodontic movement