What is the term for how well a boundary between two areas of differing radiodensity is revealed.
Sharpness
What is the term for how well a radiograph is able to reveal small objects that are close together
Spatial Resolution
What are the three ways that we can optimize image sharpness?
1.Small focal spot 2.Increase the distance between the focal spot and the object (use a long cylinder) 3.Minimize distance between object and image receptor
What happens if you decrease the distance from the focal spot to the object?
Image Size Distortion!
What are the two types of distortion mentioned?
Foreshortening and Elongation
_______ technique, the preferred method for making radiographs.
ParaLLeling Technique
In the Paralleling Technique, Placing image ______ parallel w/ ______ of tooth….Minimizes image ________.
receptor…long axis…distortion
To overcome some image magnification and loss of sharpness, use a relative _____ aiming cylinder “cone” to _____ the focal spot.
long…increase
What are the 2 ways we can Localize an Object?
1.SLOB rule 2.90 degree rule (2 views at 90degrees from each other)
What does it mean if we are trying to localize an object with the SLOB rule and the object does not move?
the object is neither buccal nor lingual… its in the middle!
What is this an example of? Expanded cortex is more opaque than the region inside the border as a result of the ________.
eggshell effect
In the picture ID slides, what is the structure that can cover the apex of the mandibular incisors?
the mental ridges
In the picture ID slides, what is the hole in the middle of the genial tubercles?
the Lingual foramen
In the picture ID slides, what are the dense pieces of cortical bone that are rare in the mouth?
tori
What is the total number of images in a FMX (CMS)?
18 (14PA’s & 4 BW’s)
Key point in rationale for imaging: use the correct imaging modality to match the ______ task!!!!
diagnostic
What is the main reason we don’t use CBCT in every day dentistry?
It can’t diagnose dental caries
For PA’s: see the entire tooth, including the root, plus at least ___ mm of bone past the root; if pathology is present, need to see the entire lesion and normal bone on one radiograph….For BW’s: each posterior ______ surface should be seen at least once (with no significant overlap)
2….proximal
Radiographs should have the least possible amount of _______—importance of correct receptor position & beam angulation
distortion
Radiographs should have optimal density and ______—use proper exposure settings
contrast
Central ray of beam directed at _______ to teeth and receptor.
right angles
the receptor is placed ______ to the teeth, _____ in the patient’s mouth
parallel…deep
What is a good technique if you are unable to apply the paralleling technique?
Bisecting Angle Technique (putting receptor along the angle of the central incisor)
When taking XRays: ALWAYS Use the ______!!! Acknowledge patient’s complaints regarding size of receptor, etc.; but don’t show too much _______; instead emphasize need for cooperation, perseverance, etc.; at the end of the exposures, express appreciation for the cooperation and ‘hard work’
lead apron….empathy
the FMX template default is to start with the _________ projection, then proceed around the _______ arch, drop down to the ________ projection, proceeding around the arch to finish with the _________ projection.
maxillary right molar..maxillary..mandibular left molar….mandibular right molar (FOLLOW THE TEETH NUMBERS)
Assemble the digital sensor using the _____ XCP receptor holder for posteriors, _____ for anteriors and _____ for bitewings
yellow XCP receptor holder for posteriors, blue for anteriors and red for bitewings
Most exposure time at school will be ____ seconds, and hold the button down the whole time!
0.125
When picking out images, what is the MAIN structure he wanted us to know???
Zygomatic process of the Maxilla
_______: Useful primarily in cases of periodontal disease since the alveolar crest is located more apically than in healthy patients.
Vertical Bitewings
Which type of radiograph can be useful with a patient who can’t open all the way?
Occlusial RadioGraphs
Having a shallow palate can lead to image ______ because you are going to have to increase the vertical angulation.
distortion
What directions do you interpret a radiograph? So, ______ are almost last!
Clock-wise (starting w. pt right and working outside to inside)…teeth are almost last!
In radiograph interpretation, _______ is very important.
symmatry
What are the 5 steps to interpreting a Pano or FMX?
1.Check image quality 2.bony anatomy 3.spaces/radiolucenceis 4.restorations 5.region of interest
Assess symmetry of form and density, Follow cortical boundaries, Count teeth—-all ______ viewing sequence
GLOBAL
Assess periodontal ligament space and lamina dura, Evaluate root form and canal structure, Assess crowns for caries or abnormality—–all _____ viewing sequence
Local
Nomarl & Abnormal: what is the acronym to help us?
DM-SLS-IE…Margin S—Size L—Location S—Shape I—Internal character E—Effects on surrounding structures

What is a radiolucent lesion with one spot and corticated lesions?
Unilocular Radiolucent Lesion With Corticated Borders

What is a radiolucent lesion with one spot and no corticated borders?
Unilocular Radiolucent Lesion with Non-Corticated Borders
What is the “soap-bubble”/ grape cluster radiolucency?
Multilocular Radiolucent Lesion
________: Note that the radiolucencies are well defined
but not corticated.
Multi-focal Radiolucencies
What are radiolucencies that look like a bug has eaten them?
Moth-Eaten Radiolucenies
Between Roots: Unilocular Corticated Radiolucent Lesion in the Inter-________ Location
Unilocular Corticated Radiolucent Lesion in the Inter-Radicular Location
Impaction: Unilocular Corticated Radiolucent Lesion in a _______ Location
pericoronal
What is the radio opaque lesion that is a solid well defined ball?
Focal Opacity
What is the radio opaque lesion that has a solid ball with a ring around it?
a target lesion
What is the “cotton wool” like radio opaque lesion?
Multi-focal confluent radioopacity
___regular and ____-defined radiopaque pattern
Irregular…ill-defined
What is the radio opacity that looks like shards of glass?
gound-glass radiopacity
What is the radio opacity that has dense and non dense regions?
Mixed-density lesion
In a soft tissue opacity, you can have _____ lymph nodes.
calcified
_______: radiopacities of the SUBMANDIUBLAR gland
Sia-lo-lith
What is the most common calcification? It can cause ______ as well…
Tonsil-liths…Halitosis
The facial vein can have a ______lith.
Phlebo-lith
What was the really common blockage at the y of the carotid arteries?
Calcified Carotid Atheromas (OUR CADAVER!!)
Radiolucent, Mixed radiolucent- radiopaque, Septations, loculations
Benign
Always radiolucent, except: Metastases Breast cancer
Prostate cancer Osteogenic sarcoma
Malignancy
Well-defined narrow zone of transition Smooth, regular Corticated
Benign
Ill-defined:wide zone of transition Ragged, Moth-eaten
Malignant
Round or oval shape
Benign
irregular shape
malignant
Cortical Bone: Expansion, Thinning, Aggressive benign may erode
benign
Cortical Bone: Erosion,Destruction
malignant
Max Sinus: Displacement
benign
Max Sinus: Erosion, Destruction
malignant
Inferior Alveolar Nerve: Displacement mandibular canal, No neuro-sensory deficits
Benign
Inferior Alveolar Nerve: Invasion and destruction of canal, Anesthesia, paresthesia
Malignant
Tooth position: Displacement, May prevent eruption
benign
Tooth position: floating teeth
malignant
Tooth roots: Horizontal or near horizontal
benign
Tooth roots: More variable, Sometimes no root resorption, Spiked roots
malignant
Asymmetric widening of the periodontal ligament space and loss of lamina dura can be a sign of
a ________ tumor like a _______, ______, or _______. but can also be caused by: ________, ________, or ______.
malignant…Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Lymphoma……Scleroderma, Vertical root fracture, or Orthodontic movement