1
Q
pH in blood?
A
7,4(7,35-7,45)
2
Q
Highest ECF value?
A
1.Na+, 2. Cl-
3
Q
Lowest ECF value?
A
- Mg2+, 2. H2PO4-/HPO4´2-
4
Q
Highest ICF value?
A
- K+, 2. Pr-
5
Q
Lowest ICF value?
A
- Ca2+, 2. Mg2+
6
Q
Where can we not find ketolysis?
A
Liver
7
Q
Which one is a volatile fatty acid?
A
Acetate, Propinoate and Butyrate
8
Q
Excreated by birds?
A
Uric acid
9
Q
Excreated by pigeon(Due)?
A
Uric acid
10
Q
Which one is a ketogenic/glucogenic volatile fatty acid?
A
Ketonic=acetate
11
Q
Which amino acid produces GABA?
A
Glutamate/glutamine
12
Q
Start molecule of oxaloacetic acid synthesis?
A
Pyruvate
13
Q
Which compound can be produced from HMG-CoA?
A
Cholesterol Kbs
14
Q
Which enzyme is responsible for the transformation of pyruvate to OAC?
A
Pyruvate carboxylase
15
Q
Which enzyme is responsible for the transformation of histidine to histamine?
A
Histidine decarboxylase
16
Q
Which are the spesific inhibitors of the respiratory chain?
A
CO and CN- which inhibits the cytochrome oxidase
17
Q
What happens to the red blood cells in 0.3% NaCl?
A
RBC disrupts(hemolysis)
18
Q
What happens to the red blood cells in 0.9% NaCl?
A
Shape of RBC does not change
19
Q
What happens to the red blood cells in 3% NaCl?
A
RBC shrinks
20
Q
3 NA+ out?
A
2 K+ in
21
Q
Excreated in cat?
A
Allantoine
22
Q
Which molecule has to be facilitated by proteins through the cellular membrane?
A
Glucose
23
Q
Passiv transport direction?
A
Down the concentration/electrochemical gradiant
24
Q
Active transport direction?
A
Against concentration/electrochemical gradient
25
GLUT?
Glucose transporter
26
GLUT 1?
Red blood cells, brain (non-insulin dependent)
27
GLUT 2?
Intestitial epithelium, liver, kidney (partly insulin dependent)
28
GLUT 3?
Brain (non-insulin dependent)
29
GLUT 4?
Muscle, fatty acid (insulin dependent)
30
Which one is a regulatory protein of muscle contraction?
Tropononine, tropomyosine
31
Key enzyme in both pyrimidine and purine?
PRPP(?)
32
Which of these are monosaccharides?
Galactose, glucose and fructose
33
Which of these are disaccharides?
Lactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose and cellobiose
34
Molecule with ATPase activity in muscular fibers?
Myosin
35
Start molecule of gluconoegenesis?
Glycerol, lactate, propionate(Ru)
36
How many ATP are produced from 1 AcetylCoA?
12 ATPs(citric acid cycle)
37
How many ATP from one reduced FAD/NAD?
NAD → 3 ATP, FAD → 2 ATP (NADP=2 ATP)
38
Glucose concentration of Ru?
2 – 3 mmol/L
39
Glucose concemtration of Ca?
4 – 5 mmol/L
40
Glucose concentration of birds?
8 – 9 mmol/L
41
Energy produced from palmitic/stearic acid?
Palmitic → 129 ATPs, Stearic → 166 ATPs
42
Which factor can lead to ketosis?
(↑ Cori cycle KB(?),) ↓ AcCoA
43
Which molecule is transported mainly by passive transport?
Oxygen
44
Secondary structures such as alpha-helices and beta sheets are stabilized
mainly by?
Hydrogen bonds
45
Which amino acid is the result of transamination of pyruvate?
Alanine
46
Which of these has no chiral bond?
Glycine
47
Which is not needed for synthesis of GMP?
Asparagine (Asn)
48
Where are hydrophilic bonds located?
On the outside of the protein
49
What enzyme is needed to convert uric acid to allantoine?
Uricase
50
Enzymes speed up the reaction by?
Lower the activation energy
51
Which of the following break the primary structure?
Trypsin. Ethanol and heat break the 2nd and 3rd structures.
52
What is the isoelectric point of a molecule?
The point where non-electric charge exists on a molecle group
53
What is false for enzymes?
Most enzymes are fibrous proteins
54
How do lipid soluble substances cross the membrane?
By dissolving in the lipid. Bi – layer
55
How is the fluidity of a membrane decreased?
Due to a decrease in the number of double-bonds
56
Membrane fluidity(elasticity) increases?
Increased temperature and increased double-bonds
57
Among proteins of biological membrane?
Glycoproteins important in intracellular recognition
58
Which molecule is necessary for synthesis of AMP?
Glutamine
59
Fluidity of membrane bilayer is increased by?
Temperature
60
The isoelectric point of a molecule is 4.1, what charge does it have in the blood?
Negative
61
If bicarbonate concentration is decreased, what was buffered?
Lactic acid
62
Which amino acid makes bond in protein?
Asparagine
63
What happens to red blood cells in a 150 ml/l NaCl solution?
Hemolysis, they shrink and die
64
Which amino acid has an SH – group?
Cysteine
65
Excreated in urine of horse?
Allantoine
66
What is the key enzyme in regulation of AMP synthesis?
???
67
Which pyrimidine nucleotides are found in DNA?
dTMP and dCMP
68
In RNA?
UMP and CMP
69
Alpha helix is held by what?
Disulfide bridges
70
What is the buffer for HCO3-?
Lactic acid
71
Fine control: glucose transport?
Facilitated diffusion
72
Protease is typical of?
Trypsin
73
In purine bases, which molecule is not present?
Asparagine (Asn)
74
The chain conformation of protein is?
Secondary and tertiary structure
75
Keratin is the protein rich in?
Sulphur
76
Zymogens are also known as?
Proenzymes
77
The end product of adenine in pigs?
Allantoine
78
Pyrimidine replication in dogs is stabilized by?
DNA-polymerase
79
Proline is the amino acid that?
Breaks the a-helix structure
80
PRPP i the compound used for?
Both purine and pyrimidine synthesis
81
DNA polymerase is the protein needed for?
The repair of DNA during replication
82
Name the ketonic amino acid?
Leucine
83
Which bond is NOT found in a nucleotide?
O-glycosidic
84
How does allosteric inhibitor affect the substrate?
Affect the active site
85
What happens to a substrate when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?
It shrinks and dies
86
What happens to a substrate when it is placed in a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell, it swells and bursts
87
Passive transport, what types are needed?
No structures are needed as passive transport continues by itself unaided.
88
Km?
Half the substrate concentration at which the velocity of the reaction is half of the maximal value
89
What are ligases?
An enzyme which formes new bonds e.g DNA ligase, NOTB
90
The regulatory enzyme of purimidine synthesis in eucaryotes is?
Carbamoylphosphate – synthase – II
91
Intermediary product of pyrimidine synthesis is?
Orotic acid
92
Synthesis of purine bases is?
ATP, Gln, Asp, CO2. NOT Asn
93
Location of intracellular proteases is?
Lysosomes
94
Each pyrine bases can form?
N-glycocidic bond with pentose
95
Sulfonamides inhibit the division of bacteria by?
Chemicals similar to paraminobenzoic acid, and as competitive inhibitors they decrease the follic acid synthesis of bacterias
96
The repair of DNA-replication error in procaryotes is catalysed by?
DNA – polymerase I
97
Which finding is typical of lipase?
Esterase
98
The diisopropyl-phosphofluoridale(DIPF) inhibits the action of serine proteases?
The inhibitor binds to the catalytic site
99
Isotonic solution?
Causes no change in cells
100
Hydrophilic substances?
Water loving, water soluble
101
Hydrophobic?
Water fearing, non-water soluble
102
Water has a tendency to?
Ionize into hydrogen and hydroxyde ions
103
How many percent of body mass is water?
60%
104
Oedema?
Increased volume of ISF
105
Isosmosis?
The constancy of the osmotic pressure
106
Hypervolaemia?
Increased volume of blood plasma
107
Hypovolaemia?
Decreased volume of blood plasma
108
Dehydration?
Decreased volume of ECF
109
Overhydration?
Increased volume of ECF
110
What is not needed in the synthesis of GMP?
Asparagine (Asn) or cobalamin
111
What is false for enzymes?
Most enzymes are fibrous proteins
112
The competetive inhibtion of succinate dehydrogenase is?
Malonate
113
How much is the concentration of the physiological (isotonic) saline solution?
0.9%
114
After ultracentrifugation of a cell homogenate, in which fraction can the lysosomes be found?
Mitochondrion fraction
115
Which can form disulphide-bonds?
Cysteine
116
Which of the following enzymes is an inducible one?
Cytochrome P450
117
Which method is suitable for determination of the primary structure of proteins?
Edman degradation
118
Which proteins has primary structure?
Keratin, elastin, albumin and myoglobin
119
Which group of membrane forming molecules do the sphingomyelins belong to?
Phospholipids
120
Where can the SGLT-1 transporter be found in the organism?
Small intestine
121
Where can the SGLT-2 transporter be found in the organism?
Kidney
122
Which vitamin is needed for the collagen synthesis?
Vitamin C
123
Which bond-type can NOT be found in the molecule of cytidine monophosphate?
O – glycosidic
124
Which of the molecules has no catalytic activity?
Pepsiogen
125
What type of curve describes the connection between substrate concentration and the velocity of an enzymatic reaction if the enzyme is not allosterically regulated?
Hyperbolic saturation curve
126
Collagen-I?
Biggest amount
127
Collagen-II-IV?
Big amount
128
Collagen-V-XII?
Small amount
129
The primary component of wool fiber is?
Low sulphur a-keratins
130
The polypeptide chain of keratin is stabilized by?
S-S-bonds and by weak secondary interactions, hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions
131
Structure of ß-keratin is?
Pleated sheet
132
Structural proteins intracellular?
Keratin
133
Structural proteins extracellular?
Collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin and proteoglycans
134
All peptides, polypeptides and proteins in the mammalian are?
Polymers of alpha-L-amino acids
135
Isoelectric point below ca 5?
Cation
136
Isoelectric point above ca 5?
Anion
137
Primary structure of proteins?
Sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain
138
Secondary structure of proteins?
Regular, repeated patterns of folding of the protein backbone. Alpha helix and
beta sheet
139
Tertiary structure of proteins?
Overall folding of the entire polypeptide chain into a specific 3D shape
140
Examples of tertiary structure?
Triose phosphate isomerase and glycolate oxidase
141
Quaternary strucutre of proteins?
Formed from more than one polypeptide chain. Different subunits packed together.
142
Examples of quarternary structure?
Hemoglobin, blood.
143
Electronegativity value of H?
2.1
144
Electronegativity value of N?
3.0
145
Electronegativity value of O?
3.5
146
Electronegativity value of F?
4.1
147
Enzyme inhibition, competitive?
Inhibitor has similar structure as substrate, bound to substrate binding site
148
Enzyme inhibition, non-competitive?
Inhibitor bound to other than substrate-binding site
149
Enzyme inhibition, non-spesific?
Denaturation (heat, pH etc)
150
Enzyme inhibition, specific?
One group of enzyme is inhibited
151
Enzyme inhibition, reversible?
Allosteric
152
Optimal pH values for most enzymes?
6 – 8
153
Most mammilian enzymes work best between?
35 – 40 degrees
154
Inhibitor of sodium-potassium pump?
Digitalis purpurea(Foxglove), Digitalis lanata and Strophanthus gratus(climbing oleander, cream fruit)
155
Which is a non-protein?
Coenzyme
156
Enzyme that contains a metal cofactor is?
Carbonic anhydrase
157
Serine proteases hydrolyse?
Peptide bonds of proteins
158
Major enzymes produced by the mammalian pancreas?
Chromotrypsin, trypsin and elastase
159
Chrymotrypsin, substrate binding site?
Ser 189 and Gly 216
160
Trypsin, substrate binding site?
Asp 189 and Gly 216
161
Elastase, substrate binding site?
Ser 189 and Val 216
162
Which has a greater activation energy?
An uncatalyzed reaction has a greater activation energy
163
Ser-protease can be inhibited at?
Ser 195 by DIPF
164
What is the activation energy?
Free energy between initial and transitional state
165
Exergonic reaction?
More energy released than was invested in the breaking of bonds
166
Endopeptidase split in the chain?
Pepsin, Trypsin, Lys, Arg, Chymotrypsin, Tyr, Phe and Trp
167
Amidopeptidase split at the?
N-terminal
168
Carboxypeptidase split at the?
C-terminal
169
When is the molecule an allosteric activator?
If it promotes a shift to the R (related) state
170
When is the molecule an allosteric inhibitor?
If it promotes a shift to the T (tense) state
171
What is feedback inhibition?
Where the final product of a metabolic pathway is an allosteric inhibitor (a feedback molecule) of the first enzyme
172
Esterases?
Lipase, Phosphatase and ATPase
173
Glycosidase?
Alpha: Glycosidase, Amylase, Maltase
Beta: Cellulase, Lactase, Succrase
174
Peptidases?
Pepsin, Trypsin, Elastase and Rennin
175
Which type of amino acids are never found in proteins?
D-amino acids
176
What is Catalase?
Globular enzyme protein
177
Ceramide + phosphate + choline?
Ester bond
178
Key enzyme adenylosuccinate?
Glutamine(?)
Biochem exam
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