Exam Review Flashcards
(139 cards)
0
Q
What is matter?
A
Anything that takes up space and has mass
1
Q
What are the 3 subatomic particles and their charges?
A
Proton (+)
Neutron 0
Electron (-)
2
Q
What is an atom?
A
Particles so small they are indivisible
3
Q
What is a molecule?
A
Chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms
4
Q
What are the 3 electron shells?
A
1 -> 2
2 -> 8
3 -> 18
5
Q
How do you calculate the weight of a molecule?
A
Sum of atomic weights
6
Q
What is a mole?
A
Equivalent to avagadros number, periodic table atomic mass is in grams per mol
7
Q
What 3 elements make up most of the human body?
A
Oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen
8
Q
What is an ion?
A
Charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons
9
Q
What is a cation?
A
Positive charge
10
Q
What is an anion?
A
Negative charge
11
Q
What is an isotope?
A
Differ in number of neurons the atom contains
12
Q
What is free radical?
A
Odd number of electrons that want to become stable
13
Q
What is an electrolyte?
A
Salts that ionize water
14
Q
What are the 3 atomic bonds?
A
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
15
Q
What is a covalent bond?
A
Forms by sharing electrons
16
Q
What is an ionic bond?
A
Attraction of cation to anion
17
Q
What is a hydrogen bond?
A
Weak attractive between slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen
18
Q
What is a polar covalent bond?
A
Electrons shared unequally
19
Q
What is a Nonpolar covalent bond?
A
Electrons shared equally
20
Q
What are the 7 properties of water?
A
Polarity, solvency, adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, thermal stability, and chemical reactivity
21
Q
What is polarity?
A
Properties of water that support life
22
Q
What is solvency?
A
Ability to dissolve other chemicals
23
Q
What is adhesion?
A
Tendency to cling substances together
24
What is cohesion?
Tendency of a substance to cling to itself
25
What is surface tension?
Surface film on water
26
What is thermal stability?
Takes a lot of heat to change phases
27
What is chemical reactivity?
Able to ionize other substances to become ionized
28
What does hydrophobic mean?
Doesn't like water
29
What does hydrophilic mean?
Like water
30
What does ampiphillic mean?
Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
31
What's the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?
calorie- heat needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius
| Calorie- 1000 calories
32
What is suspension?
Has large particles mixed in a solvent
| Ex: blood cells in blood plasma
33
What is a colloid?
A mixture of larger particles in a solvent
| Ex: albumin in plasma
34
What is a solution?
Solute mixed with a solvent
35
What is a solute?
Substances that dissolve
36
What is a solvent?
Substances that does the dissolving
37
What is an acid?
A proton donor
38
What is a base?
A proton acceptor
39
What happens when an acid and base are mixed?
Neutralized substance
40
What is the pH of water?
7 (neutral)
41
What is the pH of blood?
7.35-7.45 (basic)
42
What is a buffer?
Resist changes in pH
43
What are the 3 chemical reactions?
Decomposition
Synthesis
Exchange
44
What is an organic compound?
Compounds containing carbon
45
What are the 4 organic compounds?
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
46
What are foods composed of carbs?
Sugars and starches
47
What are elements in carbs?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
48
What's a monosaccharides generic formula?
C6H12O6 (glucose)
49
What are fatty acids?
Chain of 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl and methyl group at the ends
50
What is a saturated fatty acid?
Maximum amount of hydrogens
51
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Has double bonds
52
What is a triglyceride?
3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
53
What is a steroid?
Lipid with carbon atoms arranged in 4 rings
54
Whah molecules does the body use to make steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
55
What's a phospholipid?
Triglyceride with a phosphate group
56
How many amino acids are in the human body?
20
57
What is a peptide?
2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
58
What is a polypeptide?
More than 15 amino acids
59
What is primary structure?
Chain of amino acids
60
What is tertiary structure?
Beta pleated sheets
61
What is quarternary structure?
2 or more polypeptide chains
62
What is conformation?
3D shape crucial to function
63
What is denaturation?
Change that destroys a function
64
What's a conjugated protein?
Containing a non amino acid moiety
65
What are the 7 functions of proteins?
Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion
66
What is an enzyme?
Proteins that are catalysts. Speed up reactions
67
What is a substrate?
Binds to an enzyme and is the site it acts upon
68
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
Lowers activation energy
69
What are cofactors?
Non protein partners and changes enzymes shape
70
What are coenzymes?
Organic cofactors
71
What is the metabolic pathway?
chain of reactions
72
What are the sub units of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
73
What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, sugarcane and phosphate group
74
What are the structural differences in DNA and RNA?
DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded and smaller
75
What are the 5 points of the cell theory of life?
All organisms are composed of cells. Cell is simplest structural unit of life. Cellular activity relates structures and functions. Cells come from other cells. Cells have many similarities
76
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate and it is the most important energy molecule
77
Why are cells microscopic?
Small surface area
78
What is cytosol?
Gel like solution where organelles and cytoskeleton is embedded
79
What is cytoplasm?
Contents of cell between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope
80
What are integrated proteins?
Do not go through membrane
81
What are 3 functions of the plasma membrane?
Defines boundaries, controls interactions, controls pathways of cell
82
What are peripheral proteins?
Go through plasma membrane
83
What are the 7 functions of membrane proteins?
Receptors, messenger, enzymes, ion channels, carriers, glycoproteins, and holding cells together
84
What is cilia?
Hair like processes, move materials
85
What is flagella?
Whip like structures
86
What are microvilli?
Extensions that add surface area
87
What is the function of the nucleus?
Brain of cell
88
What surrounds the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope
89
What is the endoplasmic reticulum function?
Synthesizes steroids, lipids, detox, and creates membranes
90
What is the rough ER?
Flattened sacs with ribosomes
91
What does the rough ER do?
Makes steroids and lipids, detoxifies alcohol, manufactures membranes
92
What does the smooth ER do?
Detox and stores calcium in muscle cells
93
What do ribosomes?
Translates mRNA to protein
94
Function of Golgi apparatus?
Packages protons and glycoproteins and forms vesicles and lysosomes
95
What are lysosomes?
Package of enzymes
96
What is autodigestion?
Digestion of worn out organelles
97
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
98
What is the function of mitochondria?
Synthesize ATP
99
What are christae?
Double unit membrane inside mitochondria
100
What is the matrix?
Space between christae
101
How many ATP are made during the breakdown of glucose?
38 ATP
102
What is the function of a centriole?
Cilia function
103
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Support and shape of cell
104
What structures make up the cytoskeleton? (3)
Micro filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
105
How does a cell change it's shape?
Conformation
106
What is diffusion?
Movement from high concentration to low concentration
107
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water down a concentration gradient
108
What does hypertonic mean?
Absorbs water
109
What does hypotonic mean?
Gives up water
110
What does isotonic mean?
Water flows in and out
111
What is carrier mediated transport?
Proteins that carry solutes across membrane
112
What is facilitated transport?
Transport solute down a gradient
113
What is active transport?
Transport of solute up a gradient
114
What is endocytosis?
Taking into cell
115
What is exocytosis?
Releasing outside of cell
116
What is phagocytosis?
Eating of cells
117
What is pinocytosis?
Cell drinking
118
What is cotransport?
2 or more solutes carried in the same direction
119
What's antiport?
Carry 2 or more solutes in opposite directions
120
What are the 4 primary tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
121
What is the matrix made of?
ECF make of fibrous proteins and ground substance
122
What is ground substance made of?
Clear gel
123
What is simple stratified tissue?
Every cell touches basement membrane
124
What is stratified tissue?
2-20 layers on top of each other
125
What are pseudo-stratified tissues?
All cells touch basement membrane
126
What is the most widespread epithelium in body?
Stratified
127
What is keratin?
Durable, waterproof protein found in skin
128
What are the 8 functions of connective tissue?
Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, hear production, and transport
129
What is the difference between FCT and other connective tissues?
Fibers in structure
130
What are fibroblasts?
Found in FCT and produce fibers
131
What are macrophages?
Found in FCT and are large phagocytes
132
What are leukocytes?
Found in FCT and are white blood cells
133
What are plasma cells?
Found in FCT and produce antibodies?
134
What are mast cells?
Found in FCT and secrete heparin and histamine
135
What are adipocytes?
Found in FCT and are fat cells
136
What are collagenious fibers?
Made of collagen
137
What are reticular fibers?
Thin collagen fibers with glycoprotein
138
What are elastic fibers?
Made of elastin proteins
