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Flashcards in Exam Three Deck (42)
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1
Q

Describe the spectrum of use (dependence, misuse, abuse, use).

A

The spectrum of use ranges from use, misuse, abuse, to dependence being the worst. Use is defined as the periodic, non problematic use. Misuse is use that puts individuals at increased risk for adverse health and social consequences. Abuse is a constant pattern of misuse. Dependence is the worst and is defined as the compulsive problematic use that is typically concurrent with physiological dependence.

2
Q

What amount of alcohol is recommended in order to avoid fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

There is no known amount of alcohol known to be safe to consume while pregnant. This is because testing the limit would be unethical.

3
Q

What is the main cause for alcohol abuse?

A

There is no main cause for alcohol abuse. It is considered multi causal. It is affect by agent factors, host factors, and environmental factors.

4
Q

Define agent factors, host factors, and environmental factors.

A

Agent factors: the properties of the drug/substance
Host factors: characteristics of the person (genetics or personality)
Environmental factors: variables such as in what context, particular situation, or availability

5
Q

Explain what “genetics loads the gun while environment pulls the trigger”.

A

“Genetics loads the gun while environment pulls the trigger” means that alcohol abuse is not only dependent on one factor. It all begins with your susceptibility to addiction (personality/genetics) and then your exposure to the substance.

6
Q

What is a substance?

A

A substance is a chemical agent that can affect the mind and is known to used in an abusive manner.

7
Q

What is an AUD?

A

An AUD is an alcohol use disorder. A term defined in the fifth version of the diagnostic and statistical manual. It is a medical condition that doctors diagnose when a patient’s drinking causes distress or harm. It is a combination of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence with a new spectrum.

8
Q

Compare and contrast alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence.

A

According to the 4th version of the DSM, alcohol abuse is less severe than alcohol dependence. In order to be diagnosed with alcohol abuse you need one or more of the following criteria within a 12 month period: failure to fulfill obligations, use that is physically hazardous, drug related legal problems, and continued use despite social and interpersonal problems. To be diagnosed with alcohol dependence, a person needs to have three or more of the following symptoms over a 12 month period: tolerance, withdrawal, used more than intended, inability to control use, lots of time spent drinking, gave up activities to drink, and use despite depression or anxiety

9
Q

Compare and contrast addiction and dependence.

A

Addiction is defined as a primary chronic disease of the brain’s reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. It involves the inability to consistently abstain and cycles of relapse and remission. Dependence is normal physiological adaptation that occurs with repeated dosing of a medication. Your body is used to having it in its system and will not function regularly without it.

10
Q

What does CAGE stand for? What does is its function?

A

CAGE is used to determine whether you have a drinking problem. It stands for cut down, annoying, guilty, and eye opening

11
Q

What are a few long term and short term physiological effects of alcohol?

A

Long term: liver disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, pancreatitis, gout, type II diabetes, dependence, and addiction.
Short term: slower reaction times, slower reflexes, poor motor coordination, nausea, vomiting, lowered reasoning skills, lowered inhibition, memory loss, and impaired sleeping

12
Q

Describe the French paradox.

A

The French paradox was discovered in the late 1980s/90s. Scientists have discovered that the French eat a high amount of saturated fat but have abnormally low rates for coronary heart disease The French population does not fit the linear relationship between saturated fat and coronary heart disease like most countries.

13
Q

What is the Mediterranean diet?

A

Scientists believe that the French do not fit the linear model because of their diet, the Mediterranean diet. It is full of omega 3 oils antioxidants and moderate consumption of red wine. Red meats are substituted with legumes and white meats. These foods are associated with lower risk of cancer, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease

14
Q

What are some benefits associated with light alcohol consumption?

A

Some benefits of light alcohol consumption are lower risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, and all cause mortality. These benefits only come with light consumption of alcohol.

15
Q

What compound in alcohol is believed to be responsible for these benefits?

A

Originally, it was believed to be resveratrol but that was disconfirmed because of its low bioavailability. It is now thought to be ethanol

16
Q

What are the health benefits of ethanol consumption?

A

Ethanol has been proven to help improve the blood lipid profile and decrease blood clotting

17
Q

What is a phenotype and genotype?

A

A phenotype is any observable characteristic or trait while a genotype is an individual’s genetic makeup regardless of what is expressed

18
Q

Define an allele.

A

An allele is a different form of the same gene at the same locus point.

19
Q

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism?

A

A SNP is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide differs across people. It can influence function at different levels: expression, protein structure, or alternative proteins

20
Q

What is responsible drinking?

A

Responsible drinking is defined as drinking in a way that does not adversely affect an individual’s ability to fulfill their legal, moral, or social obligations nor does it negatively impact their health, job performance, or quality of life.

21
Q

What is harm reduction? Give one example.

A

Harm reduction refers to a set of public health policies meant to reduce harmful consequences associated with various behaviors both legal and illegal. One example is creating a needle exchange for drug users. People have accepted reality and known that dangerous behaviors will never be completely gone so instead they make a dangerous behavior safer. One example is starting a needle exchange in an area where heroin use and HIV is common.

22
Q

What is a social norm?

A

A social norm is an expected standard of behavior and belief established and enforced by a group or a pattern/trait taken to be a typical behavior of a social group.

23
Q

Describe social norm theory.

A

Social norm theory describes how humans have a fundamental need to belong in a community, connect with others, and make a meaningful contribution to the world

24
Q

Describe how false norms are connected.

A

False norms are created mainly by the influence of the vividness effect and media/pop culture. The vividness effect means people mainly focus on/remember unusual, exceptional, or sensational behaviors. For example, this leads people to believe that everyone drinks more than them when they focus on all the really drunk people at a party. Media and pop culture also play a role because they influence the way we think by which celebrities people follow.

25
Q

What is aging out?

A

Aging is no longer doing a certain behavior after a specific time point in a person’s life.

26
Q

What is the social role hypothesis?

A

The social role hypothesis is the concept that certain past roles are no longer compatible with new ones. One example of aging out is only heavy drinking that is not compatible with most roles post graduate people are looking to gain such as husband/wife, father/mother, or full time worker.

27
Q

What does HALT stand for? What is it used for?

A

HALT stands for hungry, angry, lonely, or tired and you shouldn’t drink when you feel that way

28
Q

What is climate change’s effect on grape farming?

A

Global warming is causing grape harvest to be much earlier than years before

29
Q

What are some negative effect of climate change on grapes?

A

Some negative effects this has on the grapes and growing grapes are it makes them more susceptible to frost, increases the expense of pest control, leads to inadequate chilling, and complicates labor requirements

30
Q

What are some effects due to climate change in general?

A

In general, global warming is increasing the chances of drought, causing earlier springs, hotter summers, warmer winters, and an increase of average temperature

31
Q

How can vineyards and wineries combat climate change?

A

To help combat climate change, vineyards and wineries will need to adapt by creating that will survive better in the changing climate

32
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The greenhouse effect is caused by the absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation into the atmosphere. It becomes trapped and leads to overall heating of the earth.

33
Q

Define demographics, psychographics, behaviors, and trends. How are they important in the modern wine market?

A

Demographics: who the consumers are
Psychographics: the consumers’ interests, motives, personality
Behaviors: how much/often consumers drink
Trends: what characteristics/attributes are currently popular with consumers
They are important in the modern wine market because it allows wineries to pinpoint a niche in which to sell their product

34
Q

Describe how Yellow Tail became so popular in only a short amount of time.

A

Yellow tail became so popular in a short amount of time because it found an untouched niche in the US. It discovered that Americans wanted a simple wine with sweet/fruity flavors. Soon after, the US became the largest wine market in the world and everyone wanted to export there

35
Q

How has the population of drinkers/non drinkers changed over the years?

A

The number of abstainers and non wine drinkers has increased while the number of occasional drinkers and high frequency drinkers have decreased

36
Q

What kind of wine do baby boomers prefer to drink? Milennials?

A

Baby boomers prefer sauvignon blanc while milennials prefer Prosecco, sparkling wine, and moscato

37
Q

How has wine packaging changed over time?

A

Wine packaging has changed throughout the years. Boxed wine, small bottles, and screw caps are becoming increasingly popular. Cork is still the closure of choice.

38
Q

After Prohibition, when was the first winery in PA created? What triggered it?

A

The first winery after Prohibition was founded in 1969 after the PA limited winery act of 1969 was established. It helped provided a market for PA grown grapes

39
Q

Where does PA fall on the list of the highest wine producing states? What about in the number of wineries?

A

PA is considered the fourth highest wine producing state in gallons and seventh in the highest number of wineries.

40
Q

What types of grapes are commonly grown in PA?

A

All kinds of grapes are grwon in PA such as labrusca, vinifera, and hybrids

41
Q

What incident decimated a large amount of vineyards in PA?

A

The polar vortex in 2014 heavily damaged many PA vineyards causing them to need to regrow from the beginning

42
Q

What are some future opportunities in the PA wine industry?

A

Some future opportunities in the PA wine industry are to re-establish damaged vineyards, develop new varietals for this climate, and change current restrictive laws