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CogNeuro > Exam2 > Flashcards

Exam2 Flashcards

0
Q

Does EEG have good temporal resolution?

A

Yes

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1
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

Electrical potential

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2
Q

How slow is the BOLD response for fMRIs?

A

5-10 sec in relation to neural response.

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3
Q

What does control refer to in terms of motor control?

A

The command of an action (not the action itself)

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4
Q

Interaction between what neurons on the ventral side of the spinal cord and muscles are?

A

Alpha motor neurons

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5
Q

What is the vestibular system?

A

It controls balance and a sense of spatial organization (located in cerebellum, an also not invloved in initiating movements).

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6
Q

What does the basal ganglia consists of?

A 
Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
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7
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Learning initiating and inhibiting movements. Related to Parkinsons and Huntingtons.

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8
Q

Who constructed brain maps of epileptics that were awake during surgery?

A

Wilder penfield

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9
Q

What kind of body movements do the premotor cortex and supplementary motor area participate in?

A

More skilled activities than M1

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10
Q

What is a population vector?

A

Used in monkey studies as a way to show aggregated responses of a group of neurons.

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11
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Loss of voluntary movemenr on one side of the body due to damage of the contralateral motor cortex. (Often stroke to middle cerebral artery)

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12
Q

What is the disorder called when there is loss of movement coordination or timing from damage to the cerebellum?

A

Ataxia

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13
Q

What is the loss of ability to carry out a learned motor skill due to cortical damage?

A

Apraxia (premotor or parietal cortex damage usually in left hemisphere)

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14
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A

Action is understood but cannot be executed?

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15
Q

What is ideation apraxia?

A

Action is poorly interstood?

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16
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Degenerate genetic disorder of the caudate and putamen (basal ganglia).

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17
Q

What is the clumsyness called that characterizes Huntingtons disease?

A

Hyperkinesia

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18
Q

What are chorea?

A

Abrupt jerky movements or twitching

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19
Q

Where is the damage in Parkinsons disease?

A

Substantia nigra (basil ganglia)

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20
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transforming external stimulation into neural signals (action potentials)

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21
Q

Where are the hair cells the vibrate from sound?

A

The cochlea

22
Q

The cochlea interprets sound waves in different locations based on Hertz? How is it organized?

A

Higher frequencies = beginning or base

Lower frequencies = apex/end

23
Q

List the structures in order necessary to understand sound?

A

Brainstem (inferior colliculus)
Thalamus
Primary auditory cortex

24
Q

Info for somatosensory stuff goes where in the brain?

A

Contralateral thalamus

Somatosensory cortex

25
Q

Info for gustation travels where?

A

Thalamus

Primary gustatory cortex (insula and operculum)

26
Q

What is the pathway for smell?

A

Olfactory bulb
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform cortex)
Orbitofrontal cortex

27
Q

Rods are sensitive to?

A

Low light

28
Q

Cones are sensitive to?

A

Color

29
Q

Vision pathway is complicated. The lateral or temporal branch travels to the ipsilateral side of the brain. Where does the medial (nasal) branch go?

A

Contralateral side

30
Q

The vision pathway is also called what?

A

Geniculostriate pathway

31
Q

The other visual pathway that goes to the superior colliculus is called what?

A

Tectopulvinar pathway

32
Q

The tectopulvinar pathway does what?

A

Helps with eye/head movements for super quick reactions

33
Q

What does V2 respond to?

A

Simple stimuli

Illusory contours and ambiguity

34
Q

What is V4 sensitive to?

A

Simple shapes and color

35
Q

What is V5 sensitive to?

A

Motor perception - different neurons for specific directions and speeds of movement

36
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

Defecit in perception for the contralateral eye to the lesion im the visual cortex.

37
Q

What is achromatopsia?

A

Defecit in color perception from V4 damage

38
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

Defecit in motor perception that makes a strobe like effect, from damage in V5.

39
Q

In synesthesia what is the concurrent?

A

The response to the inducer.

40
Q

Visiual perception can go through ventral and dorsal pathways, what are they specialized for?

A 
Ventral = what
Dorsal = where
41
Q

What is the lateral occipital complex (LOC) interested in?

A

Objects

42
Q

What is the visual word-form (VWFA) interested in?

A

Words

43
Q

What is the paragippocampal place area (PPA) interested in?

A

Places (landscapes, rooms, buildings)

44
Q

What other brain region besides the FFA is sensitive to faces?

A

Superior temporal sulcus (STS)

45
Q

What type of studies were EEG first used for?

A

Epilepsy and sleep

46
Q

Are EMG signals from muscle stronger than EEG signals from the brain?

A

Much larger, yes

47
Q

What neurotransmitter do alpha neurons release?

A

Acetylcholine

48
Q

Is a specific direction of movement possible with only one neuron?

A

No, groups of neurons are responsible

49
Q

What age does Huntingtons usually start?

A

30-45

50
Q

What technique can be used to ease symptoms of Parkinsons?

A

Drugs or deep-brain stimulation

51
Q

What are the food molecules called that stimulate taste cells?

A

Tastants

52
Q

The geniculostriate pathway is good for what aspect of vision?

A

Processing things in detail

53
Q

The ventral pathway for visual perception goes along what brain structure? And what about the dorsal pathway?

A 
Ventral = inferior temporal cortex
Dorsal = superior parietal cortex

CogNeuro (3 decks)

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