excretory system

Question 1

each kidney has approximately how many nephrons?

Answer 1

1 million

Question 2

_____________ is the kidneys outermost layer, ____________ is the kidneys innermost layer

Answer 2

outermost = cortex
innermost = medulla

Question 3

____________ consists of two capillary beds in seris through which blood must travel before returning to the heart

Answer 3

portal system

Question 4

the renal artery branches out, passes through the medulla, and enters the cortex as ____________ arterioles

Answer 4

afferent

Question 5

after blood passes through the glomerulus the _____________ arterioles form a second capillary bed

Answer 5

efferent

Question 6

______________ are the capillaries that surround the loop of henle

Answer 6

vasa recta

Question 7

the bladder has a muscular lining known as the _____________

Answer 7

detrusor muscle

Question 8

(parasympathetic / sympathetic) activity causes the detrusor muscle to contact

Answer 8

parasympathetic

Question 9

(internal / external) uretral sphincter consists of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control

Answer 9

internal

Question 10

the external urethral sphincter consists of ___________ muscle and is under _______________ control

Answer 10

skeletal muscle
voluntary control

Question 11

the ___________ filter blood to form urine

Answer 11

kidneys

Question 12

if blood volume is low and blood osmolarity is high, is the body more or less likely to retain water?

Answer 12

more likly

*this will result in low volume, highly concentrated urine

Question 13

what are the three divisions of kidney function?

Answer 13

filtration
secretion
reabsorption

Question 14

_____________ is the collected fluid of the blood that passes through the glomerulus that is filtered as fluid into the bowmans space

Answer 14

filtrate

Question 15

the hydrostatis pressure in the glomerulus is (higher / lower) than that in bowmans space

Answer 15

higher

*fluid moves into the nephron

Question 16

T / F - under most circumstances the fluid will flow from the bowmans space to the glomerulus

Answer 16

false, flow from glomerulus to bowmans capsule

Question 17

the filtrate and blood have similar compositions, what differs between the two?

Answer 17

filtrate = does not contain cells or proteins due to the filter’s ability to select based on size

Question 18

filtrate is (hypotonic / hypertonic / isotonic) to blood

Answer 18

isotonic

*neither the capsule nor the capillaries swell

Question 19

nephrons are able to secrete _______, ___________, ___________, and ___________ into the tubule by either active or passive transport

Answer 19

salts
bases
acids
urea

Question 20

what substances are typically always reabsorbed?

Answer 20

glucose
amino acids
vitamins

Question 21

hormones such as __________ and ____________ can alter the quantity of water reabsorbed within the kidney in order to maintain blood pressure

Answer 21

ADH
aldoesterone

Question 22

in the proximal convuluted tubule, what is reabsorbed?

Answer 22

water
salts (NaCl)
water soluable vitamins
amino acids
glucose

Question 23

in the proximal convuluted tubule, what is secreted?

Answer 23

waste products:
H+
K+
NH3
urea

Question 24

the descending loop of henle is only permeable to ___________

Answer 24

water

Question 25

the medulla has an (increasing / decreasing) osmolarity as the descending limb travels deeper into it

Answer 25

increasing

Question 26

the increasing interstitial concentration of the medulla favors the (out / in) flow of water from the descending limb

Answer 26

outflow *reabsorbed by the vasa recta

Question 27

what is the countercurrent multiplier system?

Answer 27

the flow of filtrate through the loop of henle is in the opposite direction from the flow of blood in the vasa recta

Question 28

the ascending limb is only permeable to ___________

Answer 28

salts

Question 29

the descending limb maximizes (salt / water) reabsorption by taking advantage of the (increasing / decreasing) medulla osmolarity

Answer 29

water reabsorption increasing medulla osmolarity

Question 30

the ascending limb maximizes (salt / water) reabsorption by taking advantage of the (increasing / decreasing) medulla osmolarity

Answer 30

salt reabsorption decreasing medullary osmolarity

Question 31

the distal convuluted tubule responds to aldosterone which promotes ___________ reabsorption

Answer 31

sodium *water follows salt, this concentrates the urine and decreases its volume

Question 32

T / F - the collecting duct is responsive to both ADH and aldosterone

Answer 32

true

Question 33

collecting duct permeability increases = water absorption (increases / decreases)

Answer 33

increases *urine = concentrated

Question 34

describe the permeability of the collecting duct when the body is very well hydrated

Answer 34

impermeable to salts / water

Question 35

describe the permeability of the collecting duct when the body is in conservation mode

Answer 35

ADH and aldosterone will each act to increase reabsorption of waer in the collecting duct *greater water retention *concentrated urine output

Question 36

aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is secreted by the ___________ in response to (increased / decreased) blood pressure

Answer 36

adrenal cortex decreased

Question 37

decreased blood pressure sitmulates the release of _____________ from the kidneys

Answer 37

renin *juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys

Question 38

renine cleaves ____________ to form _____________, which is then metabolized by angiotensin-converting enzyme to form ____________

Answer 38

angiotensinogen --> angiotensin I --> angiotensin II

Question 39

angiotensin II promotes the release of _____________ from the adrenal cortex

Answer 39

aldosterone

Question 40

where is ADH synthesized?

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

ADH is released by the ___________ in response to (high / low) blood osmolarity

Answer 41

posterior pituitary gland high

Question 42

_________ and __________ both inhibit ADH

Answer 42

caffeine alcohol

Question 43

constriction of the afferent ateriole will lead to a (higher / lower) blood pressure reaching the glomeruli

Answer 43

lower

Question 44

when blood osmolarity is ________, excess water will be excreted while solutes will be reabsorbed in higher concentration

Answer 44

low

Question 45

explan the reabsorption / excretion process when blood osmolarity is high

Answer 45

water reabsorption increases solute excretion increases