Exotics Husbandry (Ex 1-7) Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
this order includes parrots, macaws, cockatoos and a variety of parakeets
A
Psittaciformes
2
Q
this is the most suitable structural material for a parrot aviary to prevent destructive behavior such as chewing
A
stainless steel
3
Q
what element can parrots have toxicity to? may be develop with use of cheaper galvanized mesh wire
A
zinc (heavy metals)
4
Q
what must a bird be able to do as the minimum size requirement of the cage?
A
extend wings in all directions
5
Q
this is the ideal floor covering for an aviary and should be cleaned out daily with old foodstuffs and feces removed to reduce spread of infection
A
newspaper
6
Q
potential food toxins to the parrot? (3)
A
avocado, bacon, chocolate
7
Q
Housing birds permanently indoors can be responsible for this deficiency
A
vitamin D (exposure to natural sunlight or artificial UV-b can help)
8
Q
are the majority of parrots monomorphic or dimorphic?
A
monomorphic
9
Q
how to sex a parrot?
A
DNA analysis
10
Q
at what age do most larger parakeets and parrots mature?
A
2-3 years
11
Q
at what age to small psittacines become sexually mature?
A
6-12 month
12
Q
what are the three main deficiencies seen in parrots?
A
vitamin A, vitamin E, and calcium
13
Q
this vitamin deficiency in parrots causes squamous metaplasia of epithelial cells lining the respiratory, GI, and urogenital tract leading to hyperkeratosis, poor feathering and coloration, and repro/chronic Resp. infections
A
A
14
Q
This deficiency in parrots can lead to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, osteodystrophy, pathological fractures, seizures, poor egg shell quality, and poor reproductive performance
A
calcium
15
Q
cuttlefish bone and iodine blocks are frequently offered to these animals
A
small psittacines
16
Q
feeding this to birds (especially smaller granivores) helps digestion by enhancing the grinding action of the gizzard - can also be a good source of minerals, especially calcium
A
grit
17
Q
what is the wild diet of budgerigars, cockatiels, and small psittacines
A
granivore (native grass and seeds)
18
Q
what is the wild diet of the grey parrot
A
florivore (seeds, fruit, flowers & nuts)
19
Q
what is the wild diet of amazon parrots
A
frugivore
20
Q
what is the wild diet of cockatoos
A
omnivore (seeds, plant roots & insects)
21
Q
what is the wild diet of macaws?
A
frugivore & granivore (seeds, fruit, nuts, leaves, shoots, and bark)
22
Q
How to sex a budgerigar?
A
color of cere on beak (male is blue, female is brown)
23
Q
how to sex a cockatiel?
A
presence of wing/tail bars (females do, males do not)
24
Q
how to sex a parakeet?
A
DNA (most are not dimorphic)
25
how to sex a grey parrot?
DNA (not dimorphic)
26
how to sex a cockatoo?
iris color (males have a black iris, females have red)
27
the basal metabolic rate of these birds is greater than others - small in size with large surface area
passerine birds
28
this type of passerine bird is graniferous and includes species such as canary, zebra, and Bengalese
finches
29
this is a potential consequence of feeding a poor quality seed based diet but is seen more commonly in frugivorous birds that have been exposed to moldy fruit
Aspergillus
30
these 2 deficiencies can be common in frugivorous and insectivorous passerine birds; can lead to hyperparathyroidism; appropriate supplementation necessary
calcium and vitamin D
31
this is the removal of the distal phalanges of one wing; may be required to control waterfowl
pinioning
32
2 categories of raptors
Falconiformes and Strigiformes
33
this category of raptors includes eagles, hawks, and falcons
Falconiformes
34
this category of raptors includes owls
Strigiformes
35
All perches for raptors should be covered with this to help prevent foot problems by dispersing the pressure on the feet
longleaf Astroturf
36
this is the main danger to a handler from a bird of prey is this
the talons
37
this is the main danger to a handler from a parrot
the beak
38
this is the name given to aquatic Chelonia (or Testudines)
terrapins
39
this is the name given to marine Chelonia (or Testudines)
turtles
40
this is the name given to terrestrial Chelonia (or Testudines)
tortoises
41
scaled reptiles, such as lizards and snakes belong to this order
Squamata
42
name 2 viviparous reptiles
boids and anacondas
43
can reptiles safely be housed alone?
yes
44
name the "5 freedoms" or 5 basic requirements of reptiles
space, substrate, heat, humidity, and light
45
this type of substrate should not be used for reptiles as it can irritate the eyes or cause GI impaction
sand (small particulates)
46
this type of substrate should not be used for a reptile was it may contain resin that is too irritant
wood chips/shredded wood
47
these two UV components are beneficial to reptiles
UV-A and UV-B
48
this component of UV is part of a reptile's visual spectrum ('see' it with third eye/pineal eye)
UV-A
49
this component of UV is necessary for reptiles to varying degrees but may be necessary to synthesize Vitamin D3 precursors
UV-B
50
this disease will occur in reptiles without appropriate lighting and diet (also known as metabolic bone disease)
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP)
51
most reptile diets are deficient in calcium, except for this reptile
snakes
52
this can be given to tortoises as a calcium source and to hep wear their beak
cuttle fish bone
53
this is the process where geckos can shed their tails
autotomy
54
How to sex a tortoise?
tail (long in male, shorter in female); cloaca position (closer to tail tip in M, closer to shell in F); plastron (concave in M, flatter in F)
55
How to sex a terrapin?
size (males are smaller) & males have elongate nails on forelimbs
56
how to sex a lizard?
femoral pores (more prominent on males) & tail base (wider in males)
57
how to sex a snake?
tail length (longer in males); cloacal spurs (prominent in males); sub caudal scales (greater number in males)
58
these two reptiles have 'hemipenes' which are paired copulatory organs that are stored within internal pockets on either side of the tail base and evaginate during reproduction
lizards and snakes
59
a health examination is advised this often for reptiles, including a complete physical examination and fecal analysis for endoparasites
annual
60
this is the cut off in scale length that the probe inserted into the cloaca of lizards and snakes must pass to assume it is a male
6 scales
61
this species of tortoise has a tubercle on its tail and NO spurs on the thighs
Hermann's Tortoise
62
this species of tortoise has spurs on the back of its thighs and NO tubercle on its tail
spur-thighed tortoise
63
this species of tortoise has a tubercle on its tail AND spurs on its thighs
Horsfield tortoise
64
this species of tortoise has double leg spurs but NO tubercle on its tail
Leopard tortoise
65
this act makes owners and keepers responsible for ensuring that the welfare needs of their animals are met (includes: suitable environment, diet, normal behaviour patterns, housed with/without other animals as necessary, protected from pain/suffering/disease)
improved welfare act
66
rabbits belong to this order
lagomorphs
67
true or false? rabbits are a species of rodents
false
68
how do rabbits live socially in the wild
groups of females and immature males
69
a series of tunnels connected by burrows where wild female rabbits live
warrens
70
average life expectancy of a rabbit
6-10 years
71
age of sexual maturity in rabbits
4-8 months
72
average gestation period of rabbits
28-32 days
73
average adult weight of a rabbit (species dependent)
1-10 kg
74
normal body temp of a rabbit
38.5 C
75
how to sex female vs male rabbit
shape of preputial/vulval opening (male round, female V)
76
the preputial opening in a male rabbit has this shape
round
77
the vulval opening of a female rabbit has this shape
V-shape
78
this is a major problem caused in rabbits when fed a concentrate diet where energy requirements are met rapidly
dental disease
79
the majority of a rabbit's time is spent doing this
feeding/grazing
80
alfalfa is high in this mineral
calcium
81
too much calcium in the rabbit's diet can cause this
urolithiasis (UT stones)
82
not enough calcium in the rabbit's diet can cause this
bone and dental disease
83
the rabbit's digestive system must have this in order to function properly
grass and hay
84
these are the softer moist pellets produced by rabbits which it eats directly from its bottom
caecotrophs
85
a minimum of this percent of a rabbits diet should be made up of grass/hay per day
78%
86
this is how much leafy green vegetables a rabbit should be fed daily
1 handful twice a day
87
pellets should make up this percent of a rabbit diet
2%
88
dental formula for rabbit
2/1 0/0 3/2 3/3
89
which teeth in a rabbit are open rooted and constantly grow throughout the rabbit's life
all of them!
90
rabbits are this, meaning they eat their own faeces
coprophagic
91
do rabbits have a common or separate vaginal and urethral opening
common
92
this is the minimum hutch size for small/medium sized rabbits
6ft x 2ft x 2ft
93
a rabbit hutch should be fully cleaned out at least this often
weekly
94
best combination to keep rabbits as pets in a social group
neutered male and neutered female
95
why is it not advisable to keep rabbits and guinea pigs together?
rabbits bully guinea pigs
96
what are the two techniques for lifting rabbits
bagpipe technique and rugby ball technique
97
this technique of lifting a rabbit involves sliding one hand under the thorax, with another hand under the bottom to support body weight. Once lifted, the rabbit is cradled into the handler's body for security
bagpipe technique
98
this technique of lifting a rabbit involves sliding one hand under the thorax, with another hand under the bottom to support body weight. Rabbit is then held with the head tucked into the crook of the elbow of the handler
rugby ball technique
99
common/most serious risk factors with inappropriate handling f rabbits
spinal and limb fractures
100
this is a trance-like site that certain rabbits can be induced into by placing them in dorsal recumbency - highly stressful for the rabbit and should be avoided
tonic immobility
101
what are the 3 diseases vaccinated against for rabbits in the UK
myoxmatosis, RHD-1, RHD-2
102
neutering of all non-breeding female rabbits (at 4-6 mo) is strongly recommended to prevent this
uterine adenocarcinoma
103
male rabbits (>4 mo) are often neutered to prevent this
behavioral problems and breeding
104
is routine worming in rabbits necessary?
no
105
which rodents are of the suborder Myomorpha (only incisors grow continuously)
rat, mouse, gerbil, hamster
106
which rodents are of the suborder Hystricomorpha (all teeth are continuously growing)
guinea pig, chinchilla, degu
107
where do guinea pigs originate from
South America
108
what are the 3 main breeds of guinea pigs
english, Abyssinian, Peruvian
109
guinea pigs should never be kept alone, what 3 ways should they be kept?
single sex groups, pairs, or harems
110
which teeth are open-rooted and constantly growing in guinea pigs, degus, and chinchillas
all of them!
111
guinea pigs have an absolute requirement for this vitamin
vitamin C
112
how often is oestrus in the guinea pig
every 15-17 days
113
do guinea pigs have a separate or common vaginal and urethral opening
separate
114
what is the gestation of a guinea pig
63 days (long)
115
why must guinea pigs be bred when young (ideally 12 weeks) and before 1 year?
pubic symphysis fuses (birth canal will become too narrow)
116
how to sex guinea pigs
shape of the preputial and anogenital area (male round, female Y)
117
shape of the preputial orifice in male guinea pigs
round
118
shape of the anogenital area in a female guinea pig
Y-shape
119
where are chinchillas originally from
South America (Andes)
120
how often is oestus in the chinchilla
every 30-50 days
121
how will chinchillas live socially
monogamous pairs or harems
122
length of gestation in a chinchilla
111 days (long)
123
how to sex chinchillas
anogenital distance (greater in males)
124
shape of vagina in chinchillas
slit-like
125
how many pairs of nipples in a female chinchilla
3 pairs
126
what must be provided to chinchillas to keep the fur in good condition
dust bath
127
where are degus from
South America (& Chile)
128
how will degus live socially in the wild?
small groups of 5-10 individuals
129
how often is oestrus in the degu
every 3 weeks
130
how long is gestation in the degu
87-93 days
131
are degu pups altricial or precocious
altricial
132
are guinea pig pups altricial or precocious
precocious
133
are chinchilla kits altricial or precocious
precocious
134
are rabbit kits altricial or precocious
altricial
135
how to sex a degu
anogenital distance (greater in male)
136
dental formula of degu, chinchilla, and guinea pig
1/1 0/0 1/1 3/3
137
average life expectancy of guinea pigs
4-7 years
138
average life expectancy of degu
7-9 years
139
average life expectancy of chinchilla
10-15 years
140
normal body temperature for guinea pig, degu, and chinchilla
38 C
141
which teeth are continuously growing in myomorph rodents (mouse and rat)
incisors
142
how often is oestrus in rats and mice
every 4-5 days
143
are rat and mouse young altricial or precocious
altricial
144
3 ways to keep mice/rats socially
single sex groups (females), breeding pairs, harems
145
how often should bedding of mice/rats be cleaned out
2-3 times per week
146
this is the most commonly kept hamster
golden/Syrian hamster
147
how should hamsters be kept socially
solitary, will fight
148
these 3 hamster species are social and do not hibernate
Chinese, Russian, and Roborovski
149
how to sex a hamster
anogenital distance (greater in males) & visible nipples (female) or large testicles (male)
150
how often is oestrus in hamsters
every 4 days
151
how long is gestation in hamsters
15-18 days
152
are young hamsters altricial or precocious
altricial
153
this is a desert rodent originally from Mongolia
gerbil
154
how should gerbils be kept socially
single sex groups or a breeding pair
155
how often should the gerbil system of burrows be cleaned out
2-3 times a year (very little urine)
156
how often is oestrus in the gerbil
every 4-6 days
157
how long is gerbil gestation
24-26 days
158
are gerbil young altricial or precocious
altricial
159
ferrets are domesticated from this wild animal
polecat
160
Genus and species of the ferret translates to this (Mustela putorius furo)
smelly little thief
161
ferrets sleep this many hours a day
18 hours
162
lifespan of a ferret
5-8 years
163
gestation period of ferrets
42 days
164
normal heart rate of a ferret
200-300 bpm
165
dental formula of ferrets
3/3 1/1 3/3 1/2
166
ferrets are biologically and anatomically very similar to these species
dogs and cats
167
gastrointestinal transit time of a ferret
4-6 hours (short)
168
ferret heart is situated over these ribs
6-9th rib
169
are ferret kits altricial or precocious
altricial
170
is the current UK recommendation to neuter ferrets or keep intact?
keep intact (hormone therapy to avoid oestrogen toxicity in females)
171
neutering ferrets can lead to this disease
adrenal gland disease
172
shape of os penis in male ferrets
J-shaped
173
how to sex ferrets
anogenital distance (greater in males) and obvious prepuce in males
174
how should ferrets be kept socially?
single sex or mixed sex pairs, or larger harems
175
are ferrets carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores?
carnivores
176
what should ferrets be vaccinated against
Distemper virus
177
what is the diet of African Pygmy Hedgehog
insectivore
178
average lifespan of the AP hedgehog
5-7 years
179
gestation period of AP hedgehog
34-37 days
180
how often is oestrus in AP hedgehog
3-17 days
181
dental formula of hedgehogs
3/2 1/1 3/2 3/3
182
are hedgehog hoglets altricial or precocious
altricial
183
how to sex a hedgehog
anogenital distance (very short in females)
184
how do sugar gliders live socially in the wild
colonies of 6-10
185
average lifespan of sugar gliders
10-15 years
186
gestation period for sugar gliders
16 days, then 70-74 days in the pouch (marsupials)
187
dental formula of a sugar glider
3/1 1/0 3/3 4/4
188
how to sex a sugar glider
large, pendulous scrotum situated pre-penile in the male
189
are sugar gliders carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores?
omnivores
190
are sugar gliders carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores?
omnivores
191
what 4 things should be in a sugar glider diet
insects/insectivore diet, nectar, fruit, periodic leafy greens
192
what 2 supplements should be given to a sugar glider
multivitamin and calcium
