Explanation for Forgetting: Retrieval Failure Flashcards Preview

AQA Psychology - Memory > Explanation for Forgetting: Retrieval Failure > Flashcards

Flashcards in Explanation for Forgetting: Retrieval Failure Deck (19)
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1
Q

What causes retrieval failure?

A

Absences of cues

2
Q

Why can lack of cues cause retrieval failure?

A
  • When storing information in your memory, associated cues are stored at the same time
  • If cues are not available at time of recall may not be able to access memories
3
Q

Who proposed the encoding specificity principle?

A

Tulving (1983)

4
Q

What does the encoding specificity principle suggest?

A
  • Cues help retrieve if the same cues are present at encoding
  • The closer to retrieval cue to the original cue, the better the cue works
5
Q

FINISH THE SENTENCE: Some cues have meaning linked to….

A

Your memory

6
Q

Why may some cues have no meaningful link?

A
  • Other cues encoded at the same time of learning
  • Context-dependent forgetting
  • State-dependent forgetting
7
Q

What is state-dependent forgetting?

A

When memory retrieval is dependent on an internal cue (state of mind)

8
Q

What is context-dependent forgetting?

A

When memory retrieval is dependent on an external cue (e.g weather or a place)

9
Q

Who studied into context-dependent forgetting?

A

Godden and Baddeley (1975)

10
Q

What was Godden and Baddeley (1975) procedure?

A
  • Group 1: Learn on land - recall on land
  • Group 2: Learn on land - recall underwater
  • Group 3: Learn underwater - recall on land
  • Group 4: Learn underwater - recall underwater
11
Q

What was the findings of Godden and Baddeley (1975)?

A
  • With recall and learning being different accurate recall was 40%
  • When recall and learning matched accurate recall was higher
12
Q

Why did Godden and Baddeley’s research show context-dependent forgetting?

A

Information was not accessible when context at recall did not match context at learning

13
Q

What did Eysenck (2010) claim about retrieval failure?

A

Retrieval failure is the main reason for forgetting

14
Q

Why does retrieval failure have a high validity?

A

-Real-life situation and highly controlled lab studies have supported this explanation

15
Q

Who argued that context effects are actually not very strong in real life?

A

Baddeley (1966)

16
Q

What did Baddeley (1966) say about the differences in the context in order to see an effect on accurate recall?

A

There must be a very large difference (e.g land and underwater)

17
Q

Why is context effects only occurring when the memory being tested in a certain way a limitation?

A

Godden and Baddeley (1980) replicated their study of recall on land or underwater but changed the recall test to recognition test. There was no difference, so context-dependent forgetting can only be used recall and not recognition

18
Q

What is a limitation to encoding specificity principle?

A

That you cannot independently establish that whether or not the cue has really been encoded

19
Q

What is a strength of context-related cues?

A
  • Useful everyday application

- Used in cognitive interview (Context reinstatement)