Exploding Cells & Acid Trouble Flashcards Preview

Body Logistics > Exploding Cells & Acid Trouble > Flashcards

Flashcards in Exploding Cells & Acid Trouble Deck (33)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Is ATP energy required for apoptosis or necrosis?

A

ATP energy required for apoptosis (not necrosis).

2
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Premature death of cells as a result of cell injury. Cytoplasm swells, cell bursts.

3
Q

What is the cause of the swelling of a cell during necrosis?

A

The failure of the Na/K ATPase pump

4
Q

Does apoptosis or necrosis cause an immune response?

A

Necrosis does (apoptosis does not)

5
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration of free water molecules to a region of low concentration of free water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

6
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

A form of osmotic pressure - exerted by proteins in the blood notably albumin

7
Q

Where is albumin produced?

A

Liver

8
Q

Why do cirrhosis of the liver result in fluid build-up in the stomach?

A

Less albumin produced, water not attracted out of stomach into the blood

9
Q

What is osmolarity/osmolality?

A

Refers to the concentration of solutes (proteins etc.) in the blood (a solution)

So… high osmolarity = high [solutes]

10
Q

Does water move to areas of higher or lower osmolarity?

A

Water moves wherever there is a higher osmolarity.

11
Q

Generally increased osmolarity = increased/decreased oncotic pressure?

A

Increased oncotic pressure

12
Q

What is tonicity?

A

RELATIVE concentration of solutes in solution separated by a semi-permeable membrane

13
Q

What is the normal plasma osmolality?

A

290 mOsmol/kg

285-295 mOsmol/kg

14
Q

How is serum/urine osmolality measured?

A

Using freezing point depression technique

15
Q

Which 4 solutes does the CALCULATED osmolality take into account?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Urea and Glucose

16
Q

Why is 0.9% saline called normal saline?

A

Has an osmolality similar to that of blood

17
Q

What is the capillary (plasma) concentration of albumin compared to the interstitial concentration of albumin.

A

4x greater in the capillaries/plasma.

18
Q

What would you expect to happen with regards to water movement from the interstitial fluid to cells and why? The action of what prevents this?

A

You would expect water to move into cells due to the higher osmolarity and result in cells swelling and bursting.

Na/K ATPase pump

19
Q

What ions does the Na/K ATPase pump move in one cycle?

A

3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in - requires ATP energy

20
Q

Why does the action of the Na/K ATPase pump prevent cell swelling/bursting?

A

More Na pumped out than K in - a net loss of osmotically active ions

21
Q

What is the typical gastric pH?

A

1.5-3.5

22
Q

What can result from gastric acid getting into the oesophagus?

A

Oesophagitis (acid reflux), inflammation of the oesophagus.

Stricture - narrowing of the oesophagus.

23
Q

What can result from the stomach losing its mucus protection?

A

Gastric ulceration/perforation

24
Q

What is the formula for pH?

A

PH = -log[H+]

25
Q

A one unit change in the pH scale results in a X-fold change in the H+ concentration relative to pure water?

A

A ten-fold change per one unit change in the pH scale.

26
Q

What is the normal plasma pH? What are the pH limits for survival?

A
  1. 4

6. 8-7.8

27
Q

A 2 fold change in [H+] results in a pH scale change of what?

A

A pH change of 0.3

28
Q

What is the [H+] at 7.0 and 7.4 respectively?

A

100nm/l

40nm/l

29
Q

What two things can result in abnormal plasma pH?

A

Major organ dysfunction (lungs, kidneys and liver)

Shock

30
Q

What is shock?

A

Poor tissue perfusion resulting in hypoxia in cells and tissues

31
Q

What are the most common types of shock?

A

Cardiogenic
Hypovolaemic
Septic

32
Q

Why do poorly perfused tissues result in a lower pH?

A

Low oxygen —-> Anaerobic glycolysis —-> increased lactic acid —–> lactic acidosis —-> lower pH —-> impaired cardiac function

33
Q

What is normal plasma lactate levels?

A

Less than 1.6 mMol/L