Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > exsc 460 exam 3 > Flashcards

exsc 460 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The posterior surface of the patella is covered by a layer of cartillage approximately how thick?

A

5mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The anterior surface of the patella is______

A

convex and rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what’s the most important function of the patella?

A

increases the efficiency of the quadriceps by increasing the lever arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what’s the relationship of the patellafemoral articulation?

A

when the knee is fully extended patellofemoral contact is almost nil and forces are less than body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

maximum patellar tendon tension occurs between _____?

A

30-60d of knee flexion

this increases the forces at patellofemoral articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

walking on a level surface generates forces at the patellofemoral articulation of _____ of patellar surface

A

27kg/cm2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

walking downhill exerts forces of almost ____ times body weight

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

walking up stairs generates forces of ____ times body weight

A

2.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when knees are flexed at 90d with feet dangling, the patella should ______

A

face forward and very nearly rest on distal end of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What should you look for when observing thigh posture?

A

symmetry between legs

any muscular atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the angle formed by lines bisecting the neck and shaft of the femur

A

angle of inclination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

at birth the angle of inclination is _____

A

150

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

with ambulation this angle decreases to _____

A

120-135 with average of 125

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

angle the femoral neck makes with femoral condyles in the frontal plane, or degree of forward projection of femoral neck from frontal plane of shaft

A

femoral anteversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

at birth the angle of femoral anteversion is usually _____

A

30 to 40 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the normal angle of femoral anteversion at adulthood ranges from _______

A

8-15 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a deviation of the lower third of the tibia toward the midline of the body

A

tibia vara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

etiology of tibia vara

A

irregularities of medial epiphyseal plate

retarded unilateral medial epiphyseal plate activity in adolescent cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

upon weightbearing, tibia vara looks similar to ______ deformity?

A

heel valgus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what else may accompany tibia vara?

A

internal tibial torsion and genu recurvatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a compensation for tibia vara?

A

pronation occurs to bring calcaneus vertical to the ground and forefoot in contact with ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

treatment for tibia vara?

A

orthotics

serious epiphyseal plate pathology may require surgical correction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

deformity consisting of lateral angulation of the knee joint with distal lower leg closer to midline than normal

A

genu varum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

etiology of genu varum

A 
sleeping habits
disturbance of epiphysis, tibial plateau fracture
ADL's-squatting
rickets-failure to ossify
congenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when diagnosing genu varum with legs apart, _____

A

there is greater than a 1 to 2 ratio between the intercondylar space and the intermalleolar space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what often accompanies genu varum?

A

internal tibial torsion

pronation due to natural compensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

1st degree genu varum

A

1-3 inches apart at knee with malleoli touching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2nd degree genu varum

A

3-5 inches apart at knee with malleoli touching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

3rd degree genu varum

A

> 5 inches apart at knee with malleoli touching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

By what age are legs straight?

A

18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

from 18 months to 3 years, what posture is common?

A

genu valgum/knock knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

treatment of genu varum

A

braces
casts
surgery
vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

deformity consisting of medial angulation of the knee with the distal lower leg more lateral of the midline than normal

A

Genu Valgum/knock knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

etiology of genu valgum

A

epiphyseal damage
nutritional disorder
muscle imbalance: TFL or biceps femoris
obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

when diagnosing genu valgum with legs together, _______

A

medial femoral condyles touching and there is space between medial malleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what accompanies genu valgum?

A

pronation due to medial weight thrust

external tibial torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

genu valgum is most common between what age?

A

2 to 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

children under 7 yrs don’t require any treatment unless inter malleolar distance is greater than ____?

A

3.5 inches with the knees together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

treatment for genu valgum

A

braces
weight reduction
surgery
exercise:TFL and biceps femoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

deformity consisting of a backward bowing of the knee, >5d of hyperextension

A

genu recurvatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

genu recurvatum may be due to injury of _______

A

anterior portion of epiphysis of lower femur or upper tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what muscle imbalances could cause genu recurvatum?

A

hamstring weakness
quadriceps weakness
equinus
compensation for LLD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

treatment for genu recurvatum

A

exercise
braces
surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

deformity singularly or in combination of medial, lateral, angerior or posterior abnormal bowing of a bone

A

Leg Angulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

internal twist of the bone on itself with the distal part as the reference

A

torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

etiology of torsion

A

congenital by mal position in uterus
acquired
sleeping habits
W sitting position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

types of torsion

A

internal tibial
external tibial
internal femoral:anteversion
external femoral: retroversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Name the 2 steps to determine if torsion is present

A

step 1: if patella and feet do not line up while standing there is possible torsion
step 2: sit on table with feet dangling, if feet point straight ahead then torsion is femoral. if feet point excessively out torsion is external tibial, if feet point excessively in, torsion is internal tibial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Inman says normal external tibial torsion is ____

A

23 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Hutter says normal external tibial torsion is ____

A

20 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

describe the sitting technique for measuring tibial torsion

A

patient sits on table with legs dangling
draw imaginary line along knee joint axis
palpate the medial and lateral malleoli and draw imaginary line through them
second imaginary line is normally externally rotated 15d from knee joint axis
if angle greater than 15:external tibial torsion
if angle lower than 15: internal tibial torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

describe kneeling technique for measuring tibial torsion

A

patient kneels on stool with foot relaxed, knee flexed to 90d
imaginary line drawn the bisects thigh, lower leg, and middle of heel
another imaginary line drawn from middle of heel to second toe
if angle formed by these 2 lines is more than 15: external tibial torsion
angle less than 15: internal tibial torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

W sitting position is possible cause of:

A

external tibial-internal femoral torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

when the angle of the femoral neck with the femoral condyles substantially exceeds that of the normal 8-15d

A

femoral anteversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

femoral anteversion produces

A

squinting patella

toeing in gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Mercier states that internal femoral torsion is present when internal hip rotation is _____

A

30d greater than external hip rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what test measures femoral anteversion and how is it done?

A

Craig Test
patient lies prone with knee flexed to 90d
palpate posterior aspect of greater trochanter
hip passively internally and externally rotated until trochanter is parallel with examing table
degree of anteversion can be estimated based on angle of lower leg with vertical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

when the angle of the femoral neck makes with the femoral condyles is less than the normal 8-15d

A

femoral retroversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

femoral retroversion produces

A

a toeing out gait, possible supinated feet

60
Q

treatment for torsion

A

prevention (watch habits)
exercise
braces
surgery

61
Q

true or apparent discrepancy in length between contralateral limbs

A

Leg Length Discrepency

62
Q

Etiology of LLD

A 
congenital
traumatic
tumors
soft tissue contracture
vascular
infection
63
Q

true-anatomical LLD

A

actual bony asymmetry exists somewhere between head of femur and mortise of ankle

64
Q

apparent-functional LLD

A

there is an altered mechanics along kinetic chain from foot to lumbar spine giving appearance of a short leg

65
Q

LLD exists in _____ of the population

A

25-93%

66
Q

Cyriax thinks that shortening of more than ______ should be corrected

A

3/8”

67
Q

Subotnick believes shortening of more than _____ should be corrected

A

1/8”

68
Q

Gross found in a study of marathon runners that LLD of up to ______ had no effect on function

A

1 inch

69
Q

symptoms with LLD

A

short leg: externally rotated with excessive pronation

70
Q

most often used direct method of measurement for LLD

A

ASIS to medial malleolus

71
Q

most accurate direct method of measurement for LLD

A

ASIS to lateral malleolus

72
Q

least accurate direct method of measurement

A

Umbilicus to medial malleolus

73
Q

for supine measurements the patient’s pelvis should be:

A

square, level, legs 6 to 8 in apart and parallel

74
Q

what is the indirect method of measuring LLD

A

use of lift blocks, palpate ASIS until even

75
Q

Lower leg LLD

A

when viewed from anterior, one knee appears higher than the other

76
Q

Upper Leg LLD

A

when viewed from the side, one knee projects furthur anteriorly

77
Q

treatment for LLD

A

orthotics
lifts
surgery

78
Q

postural compensatory measures for LLD

A

short leg: equinus, pelvic tilt to short side, supination of subtalar joint
long leg: knee flexion, genu recurvatum, pronation of subtalar joint of long leg

79
Q

the restricted range of motion of hip extension

A

Hip Flexion Contracture

80
Q

etiology of hip flexion contracture

A

neuropathic, CP

myopathic

81
Q

what test diagnoses a hip flexion contracture?

A

Thomas Test

82
Q

What three muscles are commonly tight in a hip flexion contracture?

A

iliopsoas
rectus femoris
tensor fascia latae

83
Q

how do you tell if the contracture is of the iliopsoas?

A

when the tested leg is flexed at the knee and no movement is observed at the hip

84
Q

if the hip further flexes when the knee is flexed, the contracture involves _______

A

tensor fascia latae or rectus femoris

85
Q

If leg is abducted at the hip and IT band demonstrates tightness, the _______ is involved

A

tensor fascia latae

86
Q

what is the test that tests for TFL tightness?

A

Obers Test

87
Q

treatment for hip flexion contracture

A

therapeutic exercise, stretch and strengthen quads

88
Q

tightness or restricted range of motion of the hip internal or external rotators

A

Tight hip rotators

89
Q

how do you diagnose tight hip rotators?

A

use feet as reference lines
normal ext rotation is 45d, normal internal rotation is 35d
can test in supine, prone, knees flexed to 90d,

90
Q

treatment for tight hip rotators?

A

exercise, stretching and strengthening

91
Q

an increase in the angle of inclination greater than the normal 125d

A

coxa valga

92
Q

etiology of coxa valga

A

congenital, hip dislocation, trauma, lack of weight bearing in early childhood

93
Q

what is found on the involved side of coxa valga?

A

adductor tightness

abductor insufficiency

94
Q

treatment for coxa valga

A

surgery

exercise, stretch the adductors and strengthen the abductors

95
Q

a decrease in the angle of inclination below the norm of 125

A

coxa vara

96
Q

etiology of coxa vara

A

congenital, infection, trauma, weight bearing on a weak femur

97
Q

how do you diagnose coxa vara?

A

positive trendelenberg test and gluteus medius gait
prominent greater trochanter
if unilateral, pelvic tilt

98
Q

coxa vara usually creates:

A

greater range of hip adduction and possibly restriction of abduction due to impingement of greater trochanter on the ilium

99
Q

muscle differences in coxa vara:

A

abductor contracture

weight borne more lateral and superior on head of femur

100
Q

treatment for coxa vara:

A

equalize leg lengths

strengthen abductors

101
Q

the restricted range of motion of hip extension

A

Hip Flexion Contracture

102
Q

etiology of hip flexion contracture

A

neuropathic, CP

myopathic

103
Q

what test diagnoses a hip flexion contracture?

A

Thomas Test

104
Q

What three muscles are commonly tight in a hip flexion contracture?

A

iliopsoas
rectus femoris
tensor fascia latae

105
Q

how do you tell if the contracture is of the iliopsoas?

A

when the tested leg is flexed at the knee and no movement is observed at the hip

106
Q

if the hip further flexes when the knee is flexed, the contracture involves _______

A

tensor fascia latae or rectus femoris

107
Q

If leg is abducted at the hip and IT band demonstrates tightness, the _______ is involved

A

tensor fascia latae

108
Q

what is the test that tests for TFL tightness?

A

Obers Test

109
Q

treatment for hip flexion contracture

A

therapeutic exercise, stretch and strengthen quads

110
Q

tightness or restricted range of motion of the hip internal or external rotators

A

Tight hip rotators

111
Q

how do you diagnose tight hip rotators?

A

use feet as reference lines
normal ext rotation is 45d, normal internal rotation is 35d
can test in supine, prone, knees flexed to 90d,

112
Q

treatment for tight hip rotators?

A

exercise, stretching and strengthening

113
Q

an increase in the angle of inclination greater than the normal 125d

A

coxa valga

114
Q

etiology of coxa valga

A

congenital, hip dislocation, trauma, lack of weight bearing in early childhood

115
Q

what is found on the involved side of coxa valga?

A

adductor tightness

abductor insufficiency

116
Q

treatment for coxa valga

A

surgery

exercise, stretch the adductors and strengthen the abductors

117
Q

a decrease in the angle of inclination below the norm of 125

A

coxa vara

118
Q

etiology of coxa vara

A

congenital, infection, trauma, weight bearing on a weak femur

119
Q

how do you diagnose coxa vara?

A

positive trendelenberg test and gluteus medius gait
prominent greater trochanter
if unilateral, pelvic tilt

120
Q

coxa vara usually creates:

A

greater range of hip adduction and possibly restriction of abduction due to impingement of greater trochanter on the ilium

121
Q

muscle differences in coxa vara:

A

abductor contracture

weight borne more lateral and superior on head of femur

122
Q

treatment for coxa vara:

A

equalize leg lengths

strengthen abductors

123
Q

Pelvis bony landmarks

A

ASIS
PSIS
crests of ilium
symphysis pubis

124
Q

lumbosacral angle

A

140

125
Q

lumbar lordotic curve

A

50

126
Q

sacral angle

A

30

127
Q

pelvic angle

A

30

128
Q

deviation of the pelvis from its correct or normal posture in the sagittal or frontal plane

A

pelvic tilt

129
Q

etiology of pelvic tilt

A

pronation
hip dislocation
unilateral LLD, genu valgum, genu varum
scoliosis

130
Q

if the right ASIS and PSIS are lower than the left ASIS and PSIS then

A

right pelvic tilt is present

131
Q

what kind of pelvic tilt is associated with lordosis

A

anterior

132
Q

twisting of the pelvis within itself

A

pelvic torsion

133
Q

etiology of torsion

A

congenital or acquired due to disease

134
Q

time or interval or sequence of motions occurring between two consecutive initial contacts of the same foot

A

Gait cycle

135
Q

makes up 60-65% of the gait cycle and lasts for .6 to .69 sec

A

stance phase

136
Q

makes up 35-40% of gait cycle

A

swing phase

137
Q

name the 3 phases of swing phase

A

initial swing
midswing
terminal swing

138
Q

name the 5 phases of stance phase

A 
initial contact
loading response
midstance
terminal stance
preswing
139
Q

distance between the two feet measured from the middle of the calcaneus

A

base width, 2-4 in.

140
Q

distance between successive contact points on opposite feet

A

step length

28 inches

141
Q

distance between successive contact points of the same foot

A

stride length

2x step length

142
Q

normal cadence

A

90-120 steps per minute

1.4m/s or 3mph

143
Q

side to side movement of pelvis over stance leg

A

lateral pelvic shift

1-2 inches

144
Q

if weakness present, compensation of externally rotating the hip and using the hip adductors of the swing leg with an accentuated pelvic rotation on the support leg

A

hip flexor gait-circumduction gait

145
Q

compensation by ballistic action of hip flexion and knee can be stabilized if foot is slightly equinus at heel contact

A

quadriceps gait

146
Q

can result in slap foot gait or steppage gait

A

anterior tibialis gait

147
Q

compensation is absent or diminished push off, flat foot/sore foot, person shuffles along

A

gastrocnemius gait

anatomy (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions