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Neuropsych > Eye and vision > Flashcards

Eye and vision Flashcards

1
Q

What meninge are the sclera and cornea derived from?

A

Dura mater

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2
Q

What meninge is the choroid of the eye derived from?

A

Arachnoid mater

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3
Q

What is the retina derived from?

A

Extension of the brain

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhidrosis of forehead
Flushing

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5
Q

What forms the outer fibrous layer of the eye?

A

Cornea
Sclera

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6
Q

What forms the middle vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid
Contains ciliary body and iris

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7
Q

What forms the inner layer of the eye?

A

Retina
Contains sphincter and dilator pupillae

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8
Q

What are the layers of the retina from internal to external?

A

Inner limiting membrane
Nerve fiber layer
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Outer nuclear layer
Outer limiting membrane
Photoreceptor outer segment
Retinal pigment epithelium

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9
Q

What separates the choroid from the retina?

A

Bruch’s membrane

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10
Q

What are rods and cones?

A

Photoreceptors

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11
Q

What composes the outer segments of the rods and cones?

A

Modified cilia made of stacks of flattened saccules or membranous disks

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12
Q

Where is the photosensitive compound in rods and cones located?

A

Outer segment in the saccules and disks

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13
Q

What part of the retina renews the rods and cones?

A

Pigment epithelium

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14
Q

What prevent the reflection of rays back through the retina?

A

Extra melanin in the pigment epithelium absorbs extra light

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15
Q

What is the likely inheritance of retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Autosomal recessive

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16
Q

What is retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Phagocytic process is defective leading to a build up of debris causing blindness

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17
Q

What is the blood supply of the receptors in the retina?

A

Mostly from capillary plexus in the choroid

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18
Q

What is the fovea?

A

In center of macula
Densely filled cones and without rods

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19
Q

What photoreceptor is more effective in low light intensity?

A

Rods

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20
Q

What photoreceptor can detect a broader range of wavelengths?

A

Rods

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21
Q

What photoreceptor passes information as a group to a single nerve fiber?

A

Rods

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22
Q

What photoreceptor is more sensitive to movement?

A

Rods

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23
Q

What photoreceptor responds more slowly to light?

A

Rods

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24
Q

What is the pigment found in rods called?

A

Rhodopsin

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25
Q

What photoreceptor is more numerous?

A

Rods

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26
Q

What photoreceptor is more effective in high light intensity?

A

Cones

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27
Q

What photoreceptor is sensitive to a specific color/wavelength?

A

Cones

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28
Q

What photoreceptor acts individually on a single nerve fiber?

A

Cones

29
Q

What photoreceptor is for sharpness, gives a higher visual acuity?

A

Cones

30
Q

What photoreceptor responds more rapidly to light?

A

Cones

31
Q

What pigment is contained in cones?

A

Iodopsin

32
Q

What retinal layer does convergence mostly occur in?

A

Inner synaptic/plexiform layer

33
Q

What is the response of bipolar cells in the eye?

A

Generate relatively steady hyperpolarization or depolarization

34
Q

What is the response of horizontal cells in the retina?

A

Enhances brightness contrast to produce a sharper image

35
Q

What is the function of amacrine cells in the retina?

A

Record changes in illumination

36
Q

What vitamin is needed in the retina?

A

Vitamin A

37
Q

What is a deficiency in vit A cause?

A

Night blindness
Follicular hyperkeratinosis
Susceptibility to infection
Cancer
Anemia

38
Q

What pathway is vit A used for in the eye?

A

Regeneration of rhodopsin

39
Q

What is xerophthalmia?

A

Progressive keratinization of cornea leading to deterioration of eye tissue

40
Q

What causes xerophthalmia and keratomalacia?

A

Prolonged deficiency of vit A

41
Q

What is keratomalacia?

A

Wrinkling, progressive cloudiness, and increasing softening and ulceration of the corneas

42
Q

What are bitot spots?

A

Dry, silver-gray, triangular deposits on conjunctiva

43
Q

What photoreceptor is for color vision?

A

Cones

44
Q

What is scotopic vision?

A

Dark-adapted system that operates at low levels of illumination

45
Q

What is photopic vision?

A

Light-adapted system that operates at high levels of illumination

46
Q

What is the Purkinje shift?

A

Shifting from photopic to scotopic vision

47
Q

What is the inheritance for color blindness?

A

X-linked recessive

48
Q

What are the three types of cones?

A

S - blue
M - green
L - red

49
Q

What is the pupillodilator reflex?

A

Pupil dilates in response to emotion that activates the SyNS

50
Q

What is the course of the pupillodilator reflex?

A

Through posterior hypothalamus through brainstem to preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the lateral horn of spinal cord at T1 and then to the superior cervical ganglion at the base of the skull and then to the ophthalmic division of CN V

51
Q

What are the afferent components of the pupillary light reflex?

A

Photoreceptors
Optic N
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Pretectal nucleus in midbrain

52
Q

What is the efferent pathway of the pupillary light reflex?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Oculomotor N
Ciliary ganglion
Short ciliary N
Sphincter pupillae

53
Q

What is accommodation as it relates to vision?

A

Process by which the eye adjusts the shape of the lens to keep objects in focus

54
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Normal distance vision, but accommodation is reduced with age

55
Q

What is Marcus Gunn pupil?

A

Consensual light response normal in unaffected eye
Eye dilates in when light is shown in affected eye

56
Q

What is Argyll Robertson Pupil?

A

Accommodation reflex present
Pupillary light reflex absent
Caused by neurosyphilis

57
Q

What are the afferents and efferents of the corneal reflex?

A

Aff - CN V
Eff - CN VII

58
Q

What is the reason for macular sparing?

A

Larger representation for macula in the visual cortex

59
Q

What extra-ocular muscle is innervated by the abducens N?

A

Lateral rectus

60
Q

What extraocular muscle is innervated by the trochlear N?

A

Superior oblique

61
Q

What extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor N?

A

Medial rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique

62
Q

Where is the horizontal gaze center?

A

Paramedian pontine reticular formation in the pons

63
Q

Where is the vertical gaze center located?

A

Rostral midbrain reticular formation

64
Q

What are the conjugate eye movements?

A

Saccades
Smooth pursuit movements
Vestibulo-ocular movements
Optokinetic nystagmus

65
Q

What are the disconjugate eye movements?

A

Convergence
Divergence

66
Q

What are saccades?

A

Rapid, ballistic movements of the eyes that abruptly change the point of fixation

67
Q

What controls saccades?

A

Frontal eye field

68
Q

What is internuclear ophthalmoplegia/ophthalmoparesis?

A

Inability to perform conjugate lateral gaze due to damage of interneuron between CN VI and CN III (medial longitudinal fasciculus)

69
Q

What are signs of internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

A

Abducting eye displays nystagmus
Convergence is normal

Neuropsych (20 decks)

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