Fats

Question 1

Essential Fatty Acids

- eicosanoids

Answer 1

Linoleic omega6

alpha Linolenic omega3

Question 2

“beta oxidize fats” to …

Answer 2

C2 units, AcetylCoA

Question 3

“esterify” FA’s to…

Answer 3

TG’s

- stabilizes

Question 4

“phosphatidyl”

Answer 4

fat anchor to nutrient so that it may travel to cell membrane

• TG group
• also see “acyl glycerol”

Question 5

What does insulin cause the LR to do with acyl units (fat)?

Answer 5

esterifies them to TG’s and releases to blood stream

- if no insulin (so no sugar avail), then LR will beta oxidize in mitochondria for Energy

Question 6

What is cardiolipin?

Answer 6

phospholipid

• “diphoshatidylglycerol”
• inner membrane of mitochondria
• phosphate transporter, cytochrome oxidase activity

Question 7

major site of cholesterol synthesis

- where

Answer 7

LR

- cytoplasm

Question 8

Free fatty acids -> Cholesterol pathway

Answer 8

FFA -> Acyl CoA -> Acetoacetyl CoA -> HMG-CoA -> Mevalonate -> Squalene -> Desmusterol -> Cholesterol

Question 9

Cholesterol synthesis:

rate limiting step

Answer 9

HMG CoA Reductase
HMGCoA —> Mevalonate
inhibited by cholesterol

Question 10

Cholesterol synthesis:

Mevalonate –> –>

Answer 10

IPP + DPP

• 5C isoprenoid isomers

Question 11

Cholesterol synthesis:

IPP & DPP –> –>

Answer 11

Squalene -> Ianosterol -> Cholesterol

Question 12

chylomicron receptor

Answer 12

Apo-E

Question 13

LDL receptor

Answer 13

Apo-B

Question 14

HDL receptor

Answer 14

A-1

Question 15

VLDL -> IDL -> ?

Answer 15

LDL

Question 16

HDL and LDL are synthesized by…

Answer 16

LR

- vs chylomicron - we get from diet

Question 17

Why is HDL so good?

Answer 17

takes oxidized TG’s from LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons and gives esterified cholesterol

Question 18

LDL delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissues

Answer 18

for hormone synthesis and cell membrane

Question 19

HDL at peripheral tissue

Answer 19

picks up extra cholesterol from cells

Question 20

ACAT does what

Answer 20

takes free cholesterol and esterifies it to stabilize it in the peripheral tissue cells

Question 21

CE Hydrolase does what

Answer 21

in peripheral tissue cells makes esterified cholesterol free to use for steroid synthesis

Question 22

fat soluble antioxidant

Answer 22

tocopherols like vit E

- carried on LDLs

Question 23

plasma antioxidant

Answer 23

ascorbate

Question 24

rbc antioxidant

Answer 24

glutathione

Question 25

eicosanoids -->

Answer 25

prostanoids

Question 26

prostanoids include

Answer 26

Prostaglandins Thromboxanes Leukotrienes

Question 27

Eicosanoids: | anti-inflammatory

Answer 27

series 1 and 3 | linoleic, linolenic

Question 28

Eicosanoids: | pro-inflammatory

Answer 28

arachadonic acid aka series 2

Question 29

Where do you get linoleic acid (omega6)

Answer 29

vegetables, seeds, nuts

Question 30

Where do you get alpha linolenic acid (omega3)

Answer 30

flaxseed

Question 31

Where do you get Arachadonic Acid?

Answer 31

animal fats

Question 32

Where do you get EPA/DHA?

Answer 32

fish... or from alpha-lenolenic acid

Question 33

Eicosanoids: | if increase in Delta-5 Desaturase...

Answer 33

increase proinflam cytokines series 2 and 1 - stimulated by insulin

Question 34

Eicosanoids: | Series 1 & 3 use what enzyme to make anti-inflam enzymes?

Answer 34

Delta-6 Desaturase

Question 35

Eicosanoids are made by

Answer 35

oxidation of 20C FA's

Question 36

Which enzymes gets Arachadonic Acid out of the phospholipid membrane of a cell?

Answer 36

Phospholipase A2

Question 37

Phospholipase A2 is stimulated and inhibited by?

Answer 37

Stimulated: Angiotensin ll, bradykinin, EPI, Thrombin Inhibited: corticosteroids

Question 38

NSAIDS block what enzyme? from making what?

Answer 38

Cyclooxygenase | - Arachodante --> PGs, Thromboxanes

Question 39

Arachadonate --> Leukotrienes | enzyme?

Answer 39

Lipoxygenase

Question 40

Which enzyme is affected by statin drugs?

Answer 40

HMG-CoA Reductase - inhibited preventing synthesis of mevalonate and thus cholesterol

Question 41

Desmusterol --> Cholesterol | enzyme

Answer 41

Delta-24 Reductase

Question 42

Esterification of what leads to TG's

Answer 42

Acyl CoA

Question 43

HMG-CoA --> Mevalonate | enzyme

Answer 43

HMG-CoA Reductase

Question 44

HMG-CoA --> Acetoacetate ( -> ketone) | enzyme

Answer 44

HMG-CoA Lyase

Question 45

Enzyme responsible for breakdown of TG's in adipose cell to FFA's Stimulate? Inhibit?

Answer 45

Hormone Sensitive Lipase - stimulated by EPI and Cortisol - inhibited by insulin

Question 46

Ketones are toxic to ? but can be used by what and what for E.

Answer 46

toxic to LR | - muscle and brain can use for E

Question 47

How to get Fat into Mitochondria for E? | use?

Answer 47

CPT l CPT ll CAT

Question 48

Where is CPT l and what does it do?

Answer 48

Outer mitochondrial membrane | - takes CoA off fat and puts carnitine on

Question 49

Where is CAT and what does it do?

Answer 49

Inner mitochondrial membrane | - delivers fat to CPT ll and recycles Carnitine

Question 50

Where is CPT ll and what does it do?

Answer 50

Inner mitochondrial membrane | - forces fat into mitochondria

Question 51

Where does metabolism of the FFA take place?

Answer 51

LR