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FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A 
most widely used
Views small, thin samples
Light passes through specimen from below
Magnifies using 2 lenses
Has multiple objective lenses
Can magnify up to 2000x
Specimens are often stained
can view live or dead specimens
2-D image produced
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2
Q

Dissecting Microscope

A 
eyepieces, 1 objective lens 
3-d image
Very LOW magnification
Light source is above the specimen
can view living or dead specimens
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3
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Electrons are scanned over the surface of the specimen
Produces 3D images or surface features
Can magnify up to 100,000x
Cannot be used for living specimens

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4
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Electrons are transmitted through ultra thin slices
Can be used to view internal cell structures
Images are 2 dimensional(2-D)
Can magnify up to 250,000x
cannot be used with living specimens

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5
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane that surrounds nucleus and separates it from cytoplasm

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

Combo of DNA and proteins inside the nucleus

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell, also break down old organelles that are no longer useful

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8
Q

Cell membrane

A

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Lipid bilayer, selectively permeable
Transport through membrane can be active or passive

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9
Q

Passive- transport

A

does not require energy. Molecules follow concentration gradient (diffusion, facilitated diffusion)

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10
Q

active transport

A

requires energy. Molecules move against concentration gradient. (transport proteins)

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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12
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Solutions that contain the same amount of solute as the cell. Water moves freely in and out of cell. Cell size remains the same.

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13
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solutions that contain a higher amount of solute than the cell does. Water moves out of cell, cell size decreases

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14
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solutions that contain a lower amount of solute than the cell does. Water moves into the cell, causing the cell to swell, and possibly burst.

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15
Q

Meristematic

tissue

A

regions of actively dividing cells
Apical – found at tips of roots, lengthen plant
Lateral – found all along woody roots and stems, thicken plant

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16
Q

dermal tissue

A

Covers outside of plant and protects it

On leaves, some secrete wax that becomes cuticle

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17
Q

ground tissue

A

Makes up inside of plant

Provides support and stores materials in roots and stems

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18
Q

vascular tissue

A

Surrounded by ground tissue
Transports water, minerals, and organic compound
Xylem- carries water
Phloem- carries products of photosynthesis

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19
Q

Vascular cambium

A

ocated inside plant between xylem and phloem, responsible for growth in width, makes “rings” in a tree.

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20
Q

Cork cambium

A

located outside the plant, makes bark, provides protection

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21
Q

Guard cells

A

Surround each stomata, and can open and close by changing shape. Function in photosynthesis(allowing carbon dioxide to enter while open) and transpiration

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22
Q

Stomata

A

Openings in a plant leaf that function in gas exchange during photosynthesis, and water loss during transpiration

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23
Q

Factors that affect blood flow

A

Blood pressure,Blood volume, Resistance, disease, exercise,

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24
Q

Specific immune response

A

Involve lymphocytes or leukocytes

Effective against specific pathogens

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25
Non specific immune response
Defense mechanism formed by barriers like skin, chemicals in saliva and perspiration, etc.
26
what 6 things is the theory of eveolution supported by
fossil record, comparitive anatomy,comparitive embryology, biogeography, molecular biology (dna), observable change
27
3 parts of the homind revolution
bipedal movement, tool use, cranial capacity, and jaw structure
28
domain archea
all single celled prokaryotes Cell walls chemically different Can survive in extreme environments
29
domain bacteria
All single celled prokaryotes | Largest group
30
domain eurkarya
Organisms with eukaryotic cells
31
Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archeabacteria
unicellular prokaryotes
32
Kingdom Protista
Unicellular, eukaryotic Ex. Euglena, amoeba Animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like Classified on how they move and obtain nutri
33
kingdom fungi
Most multicellular (unicellular = yeast), eukaryotic Get nutrients by absorbing organic material Chitin in their cell walls
34
Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular, eukaryotic Contain cellulose in their cell wall Autotrophs (photosynthetic)
35
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular, eukaryotic Cells lack a cell wall heterotrophs
36
what makes old earth diff from toays earth
there was no free oxygen
37
what did miller and urey do
recreate the conditions of early earth to test for organic molecules
38
what organisms evolved first
single celled prokaryotes
39
what added gas tpo the atmosphere
photosynthetic organisms
40
4 main principles for natural selection
variation, overproduction, adaptation, and descent with modification
41
what is variation
Heritable differences that are the basis for natural selection. Individuals are different because of differences in genetic material
42
what is overproduction
Many offspring raises the chance that some will survive, but too many results in competition for resources
43
what is descent with modification
Over time, natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are well suited for survival. More individuals in every following generation will have the trait, as long as conditions continue to remain beneficial for that trait.
44
3 Mechanisms that result in evolutionary change
genetic drift, gene flow, and non-random mating
45
what is genetic drift
Change in allele frequency due to chance, occurring most in small populations
46
what is gene flow
The movement of alleles from one population to another | Occurs when individuals move between populations
47
what is nonrandom mating
Leads to decreased genetic diversity
48
describe genetic variation
Mutations and genetic recombination both cause and increase in genetic variation. Crossing over during prophase 1 of meiosis, allows for mixing and matching of parts of chromosomes which results in new gene combinations Mutations give rise to new genotypes
49
mendels segregation law
Organisms inherit 2 copies of genes, one from each parent and donate only 1 copy of each gene in their gametes because they separate during gamete formation
50
independent assortment
Allele pairs separate from each other during gamete formation
51
what is codominace inheritance
Heterozygous genotype that equally expresses the traits from both alleles
52
what is incomplete dominance
Heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes
53
what are multiple allels
When there are three or more forms of a gene for a trait. That doesn't mean that a person can have all three of them. The person still only gets two ... it's just that there are three or more of the alleles in the gene pool that are available.
54
describe sex linked inheritance
Sex linked inheritance involves genes located on either the X or the Y chromosome
55
describe polygenic inheritance
When a single trait is controlled by 2 or more sets of alleles. Most human traits are polygenically inherited. Examples would be skin and eye color
56
describe dna replication
Semi-conservative | Bases in original strand are split and new nucleotides complementary base pair to form 2 new strands.
57
chromosomal mutationsa
take place when the number of chromosomes changes or when structural changes occur in the chromosomes Inversion, duplication, deletion, translocation
58
gene mutations
a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene | they can be inherited from a parent or acquired during a person’s lifetime
59
transcription
The process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA. Takes place in the nucleus
60
translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and proteins are made. | Takes place at the ribosome
61
biotechnology
The use and application of living things and biological processes. Benefits Used to treat disease, grow plants and animals Risks Possible long term side effects, ethics, reduced genetic diversity
62
Seminal vesicle
Located posterior to the bladder | secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen
63
prostate
Located inferior to bladder, surrounds urethra | Secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm
64
vas deferens
transports sperm
65
urethra
transports urine and semen
66
epididimysis
long coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle | provides a place for sperm to mature and are combined with seminal fluid
67
scrotum
encloses testes
68
where does spem production take place in a male
testes
69
site of implanataion in female
fallopian tube
70
what are the 3 stages of a developing fetus
zygote, embryo, fetus
71
when does the embryo develop
1-8 wks
72
describe the first trimester
Weeks 1-12 Embryo is most easily damaged during this time Heart begins beating at 5 weeks Heart, brain, intestines, pancreas, kidneys and liver are forming Arms and legs begin to develop Cerebral hemispheres begin to form About 3 cm long
73
describe 2nd trimester
``` Heartbeat can be heard Joints and bones start to form Rapid growth of brain Eyes open and blink Breathes amniotic fluid, and swallows and makes urine Mother can feel movement Fetus is 30 cm long ```
74
describe 3rd trimester
Fetus grow rapidly (7-9 lbs at birth) Responds to light and sound outside the uterus Scalp hair grows Bones are growing and hardening Fetus turns head down Lungs complete development in last month Lungs are underdeveloped in babies born too early
75
what is mitosis/ what does it create
The process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents Results in 2 identical daughter cells Cells are diploid
76
4 parts of the cell cycle
growth1, synthesis (dna copied), growth2, mitosis, and cytokineis
77
what is interphase
growth1, synthesis, g2
78
prophase
chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down
79
metaphase
chromosomes, attached to spindle fibers, align alone the center of the cell
80
anaphase
chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of cell
81
telophase
2 new nuclear membranes begin to reform
82
describe meiosis and what it creates
Form of nuclear division that divides diploid cells into haploid cells Important for forming gametes (sperm and egg) 2 rounds of nuclear division, but only one round of DNA replication (this produces haploid cells) Results in 4 genetically different haploid cells Due to crossing over during prophase 1
83
limiting factors
Limiting factors are environmental factors that limit the growth and size of a population (determine carrying capacity)
84
what are the factors that affect organisms
chemistry, geography, light, depth of water, salinity of water, and temp of water
85
carbohydrates
``` Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 1:2:1 ration C:H:O Sugars and starches Ex. Glucose, cellulose Monomer= monosaccharides Function Broken down for a source of usable chemical energy for cells Major part of plant cell structure ```
86
lipids
Fats, oils, cholesterol Made of glycerol bonded to fatty acids (chains of carbon and hydrogen) Functions Energy storage, cell structure (cell mem
87
proteins
Monomer- Made of amino acids 20 different Form peptide bonds (polypeptides) 3 parts- hydrogen atom, amino group (NH2), and carboxyl group (COOH)
88
enzymes
proteins that change the rate of a chemical reaction Speed the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy Catalysts Temperature and pH can affect the shape and ultimately the function of enzymes
89
nucleic acids
``` Monomer- Composed of nucleotides Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base 2 types- DNA Stores genetic info RNA Makes proteins Function Holds the instructions for the entire cell ```
90
know equation for photosynthesis
-
91
describe photosynthesis
``` Stores energy Reactants Carbon dioxide Water Products Glucose Oxygen Site Plant leaf ```
92
describe cellular respiration
``` Releases energy Reactants Oxygen Glucose Products Carbon dioxide Water ATP- used for energy in the cell Site Mitochondria 2 types Aerobic- requires oxygen Anaerobic- no oxygen required Lactic acid fermentation, and alcoholic fermentation ```
93
6 properties of water
expands when frozen, hydrogen bonds, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, universal solvent

biology (13 decks)

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