Final

Question 1

What common disorder occurs in winter due to less sunlight and more melatonin production?

Answer 1

Seasonal depression - chemical change in body due to shorter days and less daylight in fall/winter

Question 2

What is the source of energy used for muscle contractions?

Answer 2

ATP - Adenine Triphosphate - source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

Question 3

What is the difference between young and adult bone in the medullary cavity?

Answer 3

Young - filled with red marrow
Adult - filled with yellow marrow

Question 4

What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach and what is the function of each?

Answer 4

Rumen - storage, end-product is VFAs
Reticulum - allows for regurgitation
Omasum - absorption of water and nutrients
Abomasum - “true stomach” chemical digestion and release of gastric juices

Question 5

What are sensory neurons known as?

Answer 5

Afferent neurons that transmit sensory signals to the CNS from receptors in the body

Question 6

Define rigor mortis

Answer 6

Stiffening of the body after death due to lack of ATP

Question 7

What is the end product of rumen fermentation?

Answer 7

VFA

Question 8

What nervous system is known as the “rest and digest” division

Answer 8

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 9

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

Answer 9

Melatonin

Question 10

What term means the back (spinal aspect) of the animal?

Answer 10

Dorsal

Question 11

Which muscle tissue helps you move heavy items?

Answer 11

Skeletal muscle

Question 12

What is the name of the protein that aids in clotting the blood?

Answer 12

Fibrinogen is produced by the liver that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates

Question 13

What hormone may a child be deficient in when they are not growing at the proper rate?

Answer 13

Growth Hormone (GH)

Question 14

Define homeostasis

Answer 14

Maintenance of internal body environment

Question 15

List two diseases of the adrenal gland

Answer 15

Cushing disease - excessive cortisol secretion
Addisons disease - deficiency of adrenal steroids

Question 16

What is the difference between type I and type II diabetes?

Answer 16

Type 1: juvenile-onset, insulin dependent, immune disease where insulin is not produced in the body
Type 2: adult-onset, non-insulin dependent, cells are resistant to the effects of insulin

Question 17

What are two functions of saliva in the oral cavity?

Answer 17

Taste, neutralization of acid, moistening food, thermoregulation, defense against bacteria

Question 18

Define the difference between blood serum and blood plasma

Answer 18

Blood serum can clot while blood plasma cannot since it contains an anti-clotting agent

Question 19

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 19

Sympathetic division (arousing) and Parasympathetic (calming) division

Question 20

Name the 3 functional classes of neurons

Answer 20

Sensory (afferent) neurons
Association (interneurons) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons

Question 21

What are the three hormones that control blood calcium levels?

Answer 21

Calcitonin, parathyroid, and vitamin D

Question 22

Explain the importance and function of hemoglobin

Answer 22

Hemoglobin helps transport oxygen throughout the body

Question 23

Describe the functions of vasopressin and where it comes from

Answer 23

Released from the posterior pituitary gland
Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction

Question 24

What are the differences in the fermentation process of a hindgut fermenter and a ruminant stomach?

Answer 24

Hindgut fermentation occurs in the large intestine while ruminant fermentation occurs in the rumen

Question 25

What part of the neuron does Action Potential take place?

Answer 25

Axon

Question 26

The avian species have a well-supported diaphragm

Answer 26

False

Question 27

When amphibian species are living on land, they do most of their breathing through their skin. This is known as _____

Answer 27

Cutaneous respiration

Question 28

Define Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 28

It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation

Question 29

Where does most of the water absorption take place in the digestive system?

Answer 29

small intestine

Question 30

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

Answer 30

Hypophysis

Question 31

Give ONE example of how your body tries to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 31

sweating, drinking water, and shivering

Question 32

Oxygen binds to ____ molecules in the hemoglobin of RBCs

Answer 32

Iron

Question 33

What is a synapse?

Answer 33

The site of action where neurons communicate

Question 34

What are the two functions of water?

Answer 34

To transport nutrients and regulate body temperature

Question 35

What does the myelin sheath do?

Answer 35

It acts as an electrical insulator

Question 36

Osmo concentration is when water is removed from the lumen, leaving solutes behind, and producing a more concentrated excretory fluid

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Where does saltatory conduction take place?

Answer 37

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 38

Define RAAS

Answer 38

RAAS is the system involved in the sensation and control of blood pressure; involves liver, kidney, and lung

Question 39

List out the five functions of Angiotensin II

Answer 39

Absorbs sodium, vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst, releases vasopressin, and releases aldosterone

Question 40

The stages of RAAS

Answer 40

release of renin, angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, angiotensin II to aldosterone