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World Civ 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Crusading Origins

A

Pilgrimages- penitential journeys
Holy War- just war with holy cause
Crucified Christ- increase in devotion to suffering of Christ
Reformed Papacy- George VII called upon knights to fight
Crusade- pilgrimage & fighting as means of sanctification for sin

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2
Q

Battle of Manzikert

A

Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines

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3
Q

Emp. Alexius I’s plea

A

Requested Western military assistance against Turks

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4
Q

Spanish Reconquista

A

Gradual Christian reconquest of Spain from the Muslims

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5
Q

Council of Clermont

A

Call to 1st Crusade

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6
Q

Urban’s Speech

A

Jerusalem- goal of expedition
Holy Sepulcher- church in Jerusalem
Penance- Indulgence

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7
Q

First Crusade

A

1st Wave- People’s Crusade led by Peter the Hermit (destroyed in Asia Minor)
2nd Wave- Powerful French lords & Norman Knights led by papal legate (Jerusalem captured)

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8
Q

Feudalism

A 
Lord & Vassal relationship
Land is basis of wealth
Feudum (fief)- land given to vassal for military service
Knights- horse riders
Vassals owed homage & fealty to lord
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9
Q

Manorialism

A

Manor- agricultural estates under control of single lord
Landlord protected peasants (wooden fortifications)
Serfs- peasants bound to land

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10
Q

Crusader States

A

Kingdom of Jerusalem
County of Tripoli
Principality of Antioch
County of Edessa

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11
Q

Pope Gregory VII (Investiture Controversy)

A

Struggle over lay investiture
Excommunicated Henry IV
Reinstates him at Canossa
Excommunicates him again for simony

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12
Q

Templars

A

Order of the Temple
Combined knighthood & monasticism
Castles throughout Crusader states & Europe

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13
Q

Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)

A

Rejected Pope Gregory VII’s authority

Fought against German Nobles

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14
Q

Second Crusade

A

Failed attack on Damascus that damaged treaty between Jerusalem & Damascus

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15
Q

Vikings

A

Scandinavian Germanic tribes

Invaded British Isles, W. France, Russia, & Atlantic Ocean

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16
Q

Bernard of Clairvaux

A

Preached 2nd Crusade for Pope Eugenius III

Emphasized opportunity for salvation

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17
Q

Magyars

A

Peoples from Austria

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18
Q

Louis VII

A

Led French Knights in 2nd Crusade

Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine

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19
Q

Three Orders

A

Prayers
Fighters
Peasants

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20
Q

Eleanor of Aquitaine

A

Married to Henry II & Louis VII

Controlled SW France

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21
Q

Conrad III

A

HRE who led German knights on 2nd Crusade

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22
Q

Saladin

A

Overlord of Egypt & Syria

Led jihad against Christians & captured Jerusalem during 3rd Crusade

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23
Q

Third Crusade

A

Saladin, Phillip II Augustus, Frederick I Barbarossa, & Richard the Lionhearted

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24
Q

Richard the Lionheart

A

English king who retook costal areas & made truce w/ Saladin during 3rd Crusade

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25
Philip II Augustus
French king who fought briefly & went home on 3rd Crusade
26
Frederick I Barbarossa
HRE who died on journey during 3rd Crusade
27
Innocent III
Pope during 4th Crusade
28
4th Crusade
Attack on Constantinople | Taxed clergy & formalized crusade preaching
29
Louis IX
St. Louis Created more efficient gov't & courts Died on Crusade in N. Africa
30
Harold Godwinson
Elected King of Medieval England by nobles | Fought against William at Battle of Hastings
31
William the Conqueror
Defeats Harold Godwinson at Battle of Hastings | Gives land to Norman Kings after lords swear oath to him
32
Bt. of Hastings
Norman conquest of England
33
Domesday Book
King's survey of England
34
Henry II
Married Eleanor of Aquitaine Controlled most of W. France Conflict w/ Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Beckett)
35
Thomas Beckett
Archbishop of Canterbury
36
John “The Softsword”
The Magna Carta
37
Magna Carta
Affirmed traditional rights of church & nobility, limited knights power
38
Agricultural Revolution
Heavy plow, 3 field system, rigid horse collar
39
7 Sacraments
Baptism, Lord's Supper, Penance, Confirmation, Ordination, Marriage, & Extrem Unction
40
Devotion to the Saints & Mary
Mary- blessed mother & queen of heaven
41
Hildegard of Bingen
Theologian & mystic woman
42
Francis of Assisi
Mendicant Order (current Pope)
43
Cistercians
Founded by Bernard of Clairvaux Strict, ascetic life Affective meditation on Christ's humanity
44
Dominic
Founded Dominican order Crusade preachers Imitation of Christ University professors
45
University of Paris (origins)
Cathedral School of Notre Dame developed into U. of Paris
46
Salerno
Med school
47
Bologna
Law school
48
Oxford & Cambridge
Inappropriate relationship allegations
49
Peter Abelard & Heloise
Abelard- Tutor & author of "Yes and No" (Scholasticism)
50
John Wyclif
``` English theology professor Rejected authority of pope Scriptures alone Rejected church property Protoprotestant ```
51
Peter Lombard
Authored "Sentences" (compilation of theology)
52
Jan Hus
Czech theologian Attacked Pisan pope's indulgence Burned as heretic at Constance
53
Battle of Crecy
English victory | Use of longbow
54
Thomas Aquinas
Authored Summa Theologiae (summary of christian beliefs)
55
Romanesque
In the style of the Romans | Barrel vaults & thicker walls
56
Gothic
Ribbed vaults, pointed arches, flying buttress, & stained glass windows
57
Abbey of St. Denis
1st Gothic building
58
Edward III
*Powerful English King involved in The Hundred Years' War & king during the Black Death*
59
Henry V
Took control of N. France (Hundred Years' War)
60
Joan of Arc
Peasant girl that led French forces to victory at Orleans | Captured by Burgundians & burned at the stake
61
Renaissance Italy
Trading, banking, textile, & manufacturing powerhouse dominated by oligarchs Major powers- Venice, Florence, Papal States, Naples, & Milan
62
Indulgences
Remission of temporal PENALTY of sin
63
Leonardo da Vinci
"Personification of Renaissance Man" Painter, architect, engineer, musician, inventor Painted The Last Supper & The Mona Lisa Advised Italian princes & French King Francis I on military engineering
64
Purgatory
Complete satisfaction of penalty
65
Michelangelo
Painter, sculptor, architect, & poet | Painted Sistine Chapel (Madonna), Pieta, & created David
66
Pico della Mirandola
Authored "On the Dignity of Man" (Focused on human achievement esp. the Renaissance)
67
Leo X
Issues indulgences
68
Petrarch
Father of Humanism
69
Humanism
Study of Classical Latin literature to understand human nature Studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, & moral philosophy
70
Erasmus
Authored "Education of a Christian Prince" (guide to being a good prince w/ incorruptible morals) New Greek edition of New Testament
71
Thomas More
Devout Roman Catholic Wrote Utopia Tutor of Henry VIII (who later executed him)
72
Pietro Paulo Vergerio
Authored "On the Morals That Befit a Free Man" (treatise on education)
73
Leonardo Bruni
Authored "History of Florentine People" (focused on Florence as the model city)
74
Lorenzo Valla
Rejected monasticism | applied critical scholarship to manuscripts
75
Julius II
Pope that employed Michelangelo & began St. Peter's Basillica
76
Vatican Library
Established by Renaissance Popes
77
Giotto
Early use of realism (frescoes in chapels)
78
Masaccio
Perspective & light vs. dark (Trinity)
79
Donatello
Classical figure in statues
80
Botticelli
Classical, mythical art
81
Raphael
Painted ennobling portrayals of human beings | Religious & philosophical subjects (School of Athens)
82
Machiavelli
Florentine political advisor Authored "The Prince" (guide to be an effective politician) Exiled from Florence after Spanish invasion
83
Albrecht Dürer
German Renaissance painter | Converted Lutheran
84
Roger van der Weyden
Flemish painter
85
Jan van Eyck
``` Medieval Netherlands Distinctive Style (painter) ```
86
Hundred Years’ War
Series of wars between French & English
87
Gutenberg
Movable type | Gutenburg's Bible
88
Charles VII (France)
Crowned king of France at Reims cathedral (Joan of Arc)
89
Edward IV
House of York
90
Richard III
Lost Battle of Bosworth Field to Henry Tudor
91
Henry VII (Tudor)
1st Tudor King Married Elizabeth of York to end War of the Roses Court of the Star Chamber Expanded middle class industry
92
Ferdinand of Aragon
Married to Isabella of Castille Grandfather of Charles V "Most Catholic King of Spain" Reconquered Granada (Spanish Reconquista) Spanish Inquisition- expelled/converted Jews, Muslims, & protestants
93
Isabella of Castille
Married to Ferdinand of Aragon | Grandma of Charles V
94
Maximilian
Grandfather of Charles V Habsburg family in Austria HRE
95
Charles I (V) (Spain & HRE)
1st King of united Spain | Inherited huge empire from grandparents: Isabella, Ferdinand, & Maximilian
96
Great Schism
Two rival popes elected (Urban VI at Rome & Clement VII at Avignon) Council at Pisa- third pope elected
97
H. R. Emperor Sigismund
Called Council of Constance
98
Council of Constance
Ordered by HRE Sigismund | Ended Schism by electing Pope Martin V
99
Black Death
Poor harvests from "little ice age" Brought in on Genoese ships to Sicily Passed through fleas/rats Led to people fleeing cities, religious fervor, scapegoating the Jews...
100
Pope Martin V
Elected pope to end The Great Schism
101
Martin Luther & justification by faith alone vs. medieval view of justification
Purgtory, Culpa & Poena, Indulgences
102
Albrecht of Mainz
Used indulgence money to repay loans from campaigning & to build a cathedral

World Civ 1 (4 decks)

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