Final Flashcards
1
Q
What three elements make up most of the human body?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
2
Q
What is an ion?
A
charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons
3
Q
What is a cation?
A
positive charge
4
Q
What is an anion?
A
negative charge
5
Q
What is an isotope?
A
Varieties in elements due to different numbers of neurons
6
Q
What is a free radical?
A
Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
7
Q
What is an electrolyte?
A
Salts that ionize water
8
Q
What are the three types of atomic bonds?
A
Covalent, ionic, hydrogen
9
Q
How are covalent bonds formed?
A
sharing electrons
10
Q
How are Ionic bonds formed?
A
Attraction of a cation and an anion
11
Q
How are hydrogen bonds formed?
A
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative oxygen
12
Q
What are the seven properties of water?
A
Polarity, solvency, adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, thermal stability, chemical reactivity
13
Q
What is polarity?
A
gives water properties to support its life
14
Q
What is solvency?
A
the ability to dissolve other chemical
15
Q
What is adhesion?
A
The tendency of a substance to cling to another
16
Q
What is cohesion?
A
The tendency of a substance to cling to itself
17
Q
What is surface tension?
A
Forms a surface film on water
18
Q
What is thermal stability?
A
stabilizes internal temperature
19
Q
What is chemical reactivity?
A
ionizes other chemicals
20
Q
What is hydrophobic?
A
substances that do not like water
21
Q
What is hydrophilic?
A
substances that do like water
22
Q
What is amphiphilic?
A
has parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic
23
Q
What are the three types of chemical reactions?
A
Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions
24
Q
Whats an organic compound?
A
compounds containing carbon
25
What are the four compounds in living systems?
carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
26
What are the four protein structures?
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary
27
What is primary structure?
proteins amino acid sequence
28
What is secondary structure?
alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
29
What is tertiary structure?
further bending and folding
30
What is quaternary structure?
two or more polypeptide chains
31
What is conformation?
a unique 3d shape crucial to function
32
What is denaturation?
Detaching and destroys function
33
What is a conjugated protein?
contains a non-amino acid moiety
34
What are the 7 functions of protein in the body?
structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement and cell adhesion
35
What is an enzyme?
makes biochemical reactions occur rapidly
36
What is a substrate?
binds to enzyme
37
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
they lower activation energy
38
What are cofactors?
non-protein partners
39
What are coenzymes?
organic cofactors
40
What is a metabolic pathway?
a chain of reactions
41
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
system of connected cristernae closed by a single membrane
42
What does the rough ER do?
synthesizes packaged proteins
43
What does the smooth ER do?
synthesis of membranes, steroids, and detoxifies lipids
44
What are ribosomes?
protein and RNA that translate mRNA to protein
45
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
synthesizes carbs and packages and ships
46
What are lysosomes?
packages of enzymes surrounded by a unit membrane
47
What is auto digestion?
Phagocytosis-- digesting worn out organelles
48
What is the function of the mitochondria?
synthesize ATP
49
What is the cristae of mitochondria?
inner membrane that folds to increase surface area
50
What is the matrix of the mitochondria?
space between cirstae
51
What do centrioles do?
creates cilia
52
What does the cytoskeleton do?
shapes the cell, supports, organizes, and moves things
53
What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
54
What is diffusion?
movement from a high concentration to a low concentration
55
What is osmosis?
movement of water down a concentration gradient
56
What is hypotonic?
water flows into the cell
57
What is hypertonic?
water flows out of the cell
58
What does isotonic mean?
water flows in and out of the cell
59
What is carrier-mediated transport?
proteins carry things across membrane
60
What is facilitated diffusion?
carrier-mediated transport down a concentration gradient
61
What is hypertrophy?
tissue growth through cell enlargement
62
What is hyperplasia?
tissue growth through cell multiplication
63
What is atrophy?
shrinkage of tissue
64
What is necrosis?
premature death of a cell
65
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
66
What is regeneration?
replacement of dead cells
67
What is fibrosis?
replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue
68
What are the 5 strata of the epidermis?
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum
69
What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?
support, protection, movement, blood formation, electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and detoxification
70
Whats a prime mover?
produces force (forearm)
71
Whats a synergist?
assists prime mover (biceps)
72
Whats an antagonist?
opposes prime mover (triceps would antagonize biceps)
73
Whats a fixator?
prevents bone from moving (calf)
74
Whats isometric contraction?
No change in length
75
What is isotonic contraction?
length will change but not tension
76
What is the epiphyses?
enlarged end of a bone
77
What is the diaphysis?
the shaft of a bone
78
What is the medullary cavity?
marrow cavity
79
What is nutrient formina?
hole that allows blood vessels to flow through
80
What is the periosteum?
allows vessels and nerves to pass through bone
81
What is the endosteum?
covers the insides of bones
82
What is appositional growth?
adding more matrix outside
83
What is interstitial growth?
adding more matrix inside
84
What is calcitrol?
increases blood calcium level
85
What is calcitonin?
decreases blood calcium level
86
What is the parathyroid hormone?
secreted by parathyroid gland
87
What are ionotropic effects?
membrane potential changes when ion gates are opened
88
What is metabotropic effects?
alter metabolism that opens ligand-gated ion channels
89
What are qualitative neural signals?
which neurons are firing
90
What are quantitative neural signals?
how many neurons and how often they are firing
91
Where does cerebrospinal fluid come from?
plexus in the brain
92
What is the blood-brain barrier?
found in capillaries throughout brain tissue
93
What is the blood CSF barrier?
found in choroid plexus
94
What are the 3 structures of the brain?
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
95
What are the three meninges?
dura, arachnoid, and pia
96
What are the three ventricles?
lateral, third, and fourth
97
What is the choroid plexus?
spongy mass of blood capillaries in ventricles
98
What is a dermatome?
area of the skin that sends sensory info to a specific spinal nerve
99
What are the seven functions of the hypothalamus?
hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water, sleep rhythms, memory, and emotional behavior
100
What does the frontal lobe concern?
motor functions, motivations, planning, memory, emotion, agression
101
What does the parietal lobe concern?
sensory reception and taste
102
What does the occipital lobe concern?
all vision
103
What does the temporal lobe concern?
hearing, smell, memory, recognition
104
What does the insula concern?
understanding language and taste
105
What part of the brain controls sleep?
nuclei in the hypothalamus and brainstem
106
What part of the brain controls cognition?
areas of the cerebrum
107
What part of the brain controls memory?
hippocampus
108
What part of the brain controls emotion?
hypothalamus
109
What are the two subdivisions of sensory division?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
110
What are the subdivisions of the motor division?
somatic and autonomic nervous
111
What are receptors?
any structure that detects a stimulus
112
What are the 4 properties of receptors?
convert energy, local potential, not all neurons, all release neurotransmitters
113
What are the 4 types of info sent by receptors?
modality, location, intensity, and duration
114
What are the three types of classification receptors?
stimulus modality, distribution of receptors, and origins of stimuli
115
What are 5 types of stimulus modality?
chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors
116
What are the three origins of stimuli?
interoceptors, proprioceptors, and exteroceptors
117
What are the three types of unecapsulated nerve endings?
free, tactile, and hair
118
What are the 6 types of encapsulated nerve endings?
tactile, krause end bulbs, lamellated, ruff ini, spindles, and golgi tendon
119
What are the two nociceptor types of pain?
fast and slow pain fibers
120
What is referred pain?
visceral pain that is sensed in superficial areas of the body
121
What are the sound qualities of hearing?
pitch and loudness
122
What are 5 the accessory structures of the eye?
eyebrows, eyelids, conjuctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and eye muscles
123
What are the three tunics of the eye?
fibrosa, vasculosa, and interna
124
What are rods responsible for?
night vision
125
What are cones used for?
color vision
126
What are the first order neurons of the visual pathway?
bipolar cells
127
What are the second order neurons in the visual pathway?
ganglion cells
128
What are endogenous opioids?
a painkiller-type effect
129
What are the five primary taste sensation?
salty, sweet, sour, bitter and savory
