Final Flashcards
(104 cards)
0
Q
The expression of learning; record of our past experiences
A
Memory
1
Q
The process by which changes in behavior arise as the result of experience interacting with the world
A
Learning
2
Q
Loss of ability to form new memories
A
Anterograde amnesia
3
Q
Loss of stored memories
A
Retrograde amnesia
4
Q
Philosophy by which humans are shaped by their inherited nature
A
Nativist
5
Q
Philosophy by which humans are shaped by their experience (nurture)
A
Empiricist
6
Q
Characteristics of nativist:
A
Fixed at birth Born great (or not)
7
Q
Characteristics of empiricist:
A
Endless possibilities with the right experiences
8
Q
Associationism = we learn and remember through systematic rules
A
Aristotle
9
Q
Association rules:
A
Contiguity
Frequency
Similarity
10
Q
Experiences near each other in time/space are joined together
A
Contiguity
11
Q
Experiences often repeated are connected more strongly
A
Frequency
12
Q
Experiences similar to one another are connected
A
Similarity
13
Q
William James was a
A
Behaviorist
14
Q
First one to perform experiment
A
Ebbinghaus
15
Q
Pavlov used what kind of conditioning to study what?
A
Classical conditioning to study the laws of association
16
Q
Classical conditioning learning is based on
A
Reflexes
17
Q
Edward Thorndike studied what
A
Cats in a puzzle box and instrumental conditioning (rewards and punishments)
18
Q
Law of effect:
A
Behaviors with positive effects are repeated; behaviors with negative effects are not
19
Q
Tolman was a
A
Cognitivist
20
Q
Place learning is aka
A
A cognitive map
21
Q
Place memory is dependent on this brain structure
A
Hippocamus
22
Q
Response memory is dependent on this brain structure
A
Striatum
23
Q
Multiple forms of memory develop at different times in training
A
True
24
Two components of the nervous system
CNS
| PNS
25
CNS is composed of
Brain and spinal cord
26
PNS is composed of
Cranial and spinal nerves
27
Brain structure that is the body's ultimate control and info processing center
Cerebral cortex
28
Cerebellum is responsible for
Learned coordination of movement
29
Hypothalamus is responsible for
The emotions of survival
30
Prefrontal cortex is responsible for
Rational/thoughtful side
31
Hippocampus is responsible for
Details of life
32
Basal ganglia is responsible for
Automatic/habitual behaviors
33
Amygdala is responsible for
Emotional memories
34
Neuroscience is the study of
The brain and the rest of the nervous system
35
The fundamental unit of memory storage
Synapse
36
Neurons do what?
Collect info
Process/integrate info
Output info
37
Cell body
Soma
38
Part of the neuron that collects info
Dendrites
39
Part of neuron that integrates and outputs info
Axon
40
Forms synapses with another neuron and sends neurotransmitters into synapse
Terminal bouton
41
Two kinds of communication neurons use
Electrical
| Chemical
42
Communication via action potentials within a neuron
Electrical
43
Communication via neurotransmitters between neurons
Chemical
44
Element that has to enter the cell for action potential
Na+
45
Element that leaves the cell during action potential
K+
46
Hebb Rule
If a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires changes will take place for the synapse to strengthen
47
Commonalities between LTP and memory
Experience
Repeated stimulation
Drugs block
Conditions impair (aging, stress)
48
Sequence of events in induction of LTP
Transmitter release (glutamate)
Bind to AMPA receptors
Postsynaptic depolarization
Increase in intracellular Ca+
49
Two types of neural plasticity
LTP (insertion of AMPAR)
| LTD (retraction of AMPAR)
50
Behavioral responses that diminish over time
Habituation
51
Increase in the magnitude of behavioral responses to stimuli
Sensitization
52
Type of learning through repeated experiences with a set of stimuli makes those stimuli much easier to distinguish
Perceptual learning
53
Conditioning based on reflexes
Classical conditioning
54
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Naturally occurring stimulus that leads to reflex
55
Unconditioned response (UR)
Involuntary response to a US
56
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that causes a learned reflex
57
Conditioned response (CR)
Reflex response to a CS; same or similar to UR
58
Repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US
Extinction
59
Extinction does not equal unlearning but instead
Learning a new relationship
60
Conditioned compensatory response:
A CR that is the opposite of the UR helping to balance/correct for the US-UR reflex
61
Thorndike used what kind of conditioning
Operant conditioning
62
S->R->O (operant conditioning)
Stimulus response outcome
Positive behaviors increase
Negative behaviors decrease
63
Classical conditioning
Organism experiences the outcome (US) regardless if they have learned the conditioned response
64
Operant conditioning
Outcome is dependent on the organism performing the response
65
Discriminative stimulus tell us
Which contingencies are in effect in operant conditioning
66
Shaping
Successive approximations to build a complex response
67
Reinforcer
Consequence of behavior that leads to increased likelihood of behavior in the future
68
Primary reinforcers
Needs (food, water, sleep)
69
Secondary reinforcer
No intrinsic value but predict arrival of primary reinforcer
70
Fixed ratio (stairs)
Specific number of responses required
71
Variable ratio (sharp)
Number of responses required is different each time
72
Fixed interval (scallops)
Specific amount of time must pass before reinforcer is available
73
Variable interval (low)
Amount of time before receiving reinforcer is unpredictable
74
Brain structures needed in conditioning
Dorsal striatum
| Orbitofrontal cortex
75
Chemical that may be responsible for physiological wanting of reinforcement
Dopamine
76
Endogenous opioids
Endorphins mediate "liking"
77
Treatment for people with addictions:
Cognitive therapy
Medication
Behavioral therapy
78
HM symptoms
Anterograde amnesia
Couldn't make new memories
Could make procedural and skill memories
79
Two types on long term memory
```
Declarative (explicit)
Non declarative (implicit)
```
80
Two types of declarative memories
Episodic
| Semantic
81
Episodic memory
Specific autobiographical events
82
Semantic memory
Memories for facts and general knowledge
83
Proactive interference
Old info interferes with new info
84
Retroactive interference
New info interferes with old info
85
Sensory cortex
First cortical processing center for sense
86
Association cortex
Links across senses
87
Consolidation of memories depends on which brain structure
Medial temporal lobes (MTL)
88
Transient global amnesia (TGA)
Temporary disruption of memory due to blood flow restriction
89
Functional amnesia
Lost memory for specific events or identity
90
Working memory
Active info maintain in STM to help think what to do next
91
Cognitive control
Manipulation of working memory for planning, tasks, attention, inhibition of reflexive behaviors
92
3 components of working memory
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketch pad
Central executive
93
Dorsolateral PFC supports central executive function and ventrolateral PFC supports storage
True
94
Left ventrolateral PFC is for
Auditory
95
Right ventrolateral PFC is for
Visual
96
Emotions have three components
Physiological
Overt behavior
Feelings
97
Two factor theory
Arousal and context are interpreted by CNS to generate conscious feelings
98
Social learning
Observes behavior than chooses actions based on observations
99
Emulation
Coming to the same end goal through different actions
100
Contagion
Responding to social cues
101
Social transmission of info
Observer learns something through experiences involving others
102
Hippocampal lesions produce what kind of amnesia
Retrograde
103
Basal forebrain lesions produce what kind of amnesia
Anterograde
