Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

phys lab > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

the amount of air inspired or expired during a normal quiet breathing cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the amount of air that can be expired in addition to the amount normally expired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the amount of extra air that can be maximally inhaled after a normal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

the amount of air that can be forcefully expelled after inhaling as much as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RV=?

A

1L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

IRV=

A

VC-TV-ERV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FRC=

A

ERV+RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hering-breuer reflex

A
  • as the walls of alveoli expand during inhalation,
  • stretching of the walls stimulate vagi
  • vagi inhibit DRG neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

high altitude causes what?

A
  • hypoxia
  • increased hematocrit
  • increased ventilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

high altitude sickness

A

12000 ft = non life threatening

23000 ft = life threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alveoli pressure during inspiration:

A

air flows into the alveoli because atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

alveoli pressure during expiration

A

air flows out of the alveoli because alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pulmonary pressure during inspiration

A
  • intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure because the volume of the thoracic cavity increases
  • at the end of inspiration when the intrapulmonary pressure again equals atmospheric pressure, airflow stops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pulmonary pressure during expiration

A

intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

apneustic center

A

provides excitatory activity to DRG, and can prolong inspiration, sets the rhythm for breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

inhibits the activity of the apneustic center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

effects of hyperventilation

A
  • increase breathing
  • decrease CO2 & H +
  • increase pH
  • alkatosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypoventilation

A
  • decreases breathing
  • increase CO2 & H+
  • decreases pH
  • acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

restricted lungs=

A

decrease in Total Lung Pressure & Reserve Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

obstructive lung

A

decrease in exhalation decrease in FEV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what stimulates RBC production

A

response to hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

osmotically active particle

A

cannot cross membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Urea 300 Mosmoles w/ 300 mosmoles cell=?

A

isosmotic, hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sucrose 300 Mosmoles w/ 300 mosmoles cell=?

A

isosmotic, isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

300 NaCl Mosmoles w/ 300 mosmoles cell=?

A

isosmotic, isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

150 NaCl Mosmoles w/ 300 mosmoles cell=?

A

hypoosomotic, hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

600 NaCl Mosmoles w/ 300 mosmoles cell=?

A

hyposomotic, hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

200 solution w/ 300 cells =

A

hypo, hypo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

400 solution w/ 300 cells =

A

hyper, hyper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

A
  • cannot produce insulin
  • more glucose left behind in kidney =
  • higher osmotic pressure
  • more reabsorption of water in the kidney
  • frequent urination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sliding filament model of contraction

A

excitation contraction ->
release Ca from SR ->
Ca binds to troponin ->
troponin moves tropomyosin off binding site ->
sarcomeres shorten ->
myosin head binding to actin and pulls it ->
Ca pump returns Ca to cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ATP

A
  • breaks actin/ myosin
  • myosin splits ATP to ADP (cocks myosin head)
  • used in Ca+ pump to return Ca to SR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

small motor unit

A
  • few fibers
  • weak
  • fine motor movement
  • small diameter
  • slower conduction
  • high sensitivity
  • early recruitment
  • oxidative fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

large motor unit

A
  • many fibers
  • strong
  • large/ gross motor movement
  • large diameter
  • faster conduction
  • low sensitivity
  • late recruitment
  • glycolytic fibers
36
Q

isometric

A

no shortening/ increased tension

37
Q

isotonic

A

shortening/ no change in tension

38
Q

concentric

A

shortening/ increase tension

39
Q

eccentric

A

lengthening/ increase tension

40
Q

muscle grows by these hormones

A
  • HGH (human growth hormone)
  • testosterone
  • insulin
  • cortisol (may decrease mass)
41
Q

DOM

A

delayed onset muscle soreness, NOT due to lactic acid, it is due to micro damage/ tears of myofilaments

42
Q

how does aerobic exercise benefit skeletal muscle?

A
  • increases demand for oxygen
  • increases vasodilation
  • small fibers diameter
  • low myosin ATPase
  • slow fatigue
  • high myoglobin
  • many mitochondria/ capillaries
43
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

down concentration gradient
no energy
carrier protein
transport maximum

44
Q

active transport

A

carrier proteins, requires energy, against concentration gradient, transport maximum

45
Q

primary active transport

A

energy carrier protein

46
Q

Co-transport

A

both molecules move in same direction

47
Q

counter transport

A

molecules move in opposite direction, energy (Na/K both agains CG)

48
Q

secondary active transport

A

voltage gated channels (Na and Glucose)

49
Q

vision accommodation

A

change in shape of lens to focus images at different distances on retina

50
Q

astigmatism

A

cornea has irregular shape, irregular pattern of vision

51
Q

presbyopia

A

stiffening of lens occurs with aging, difficult near vision

52
Q

myopia

A

near sighted
lens too round
bends rays to much

53
Q

hypermetropia

A

far sighted
lens is too flat
doesn’t bend light enough

54
Q

near point vision accommodation

A

used measuring stick at eye level for presbyopia

it is the closest point on closest point on can focus on

55
Q

visual pathway:

A 
bipolar ganglion ->
optic nerve ->
optic chiasm ->
lateral geniculate body ->
right LGB ->
left LGB ->
occipital lobe/visual cortex
56
Q

rods in darkness:

A

-hypopolarized
-release glutamate
-inhibits bipolar cells
-Na channels open
-Cis retinol
responsive to light
cyclic GMP is abundant

57
Q

rods in light:

A
  • hyper polarized
  • activates bipolar cells
  • activates transduction
  • phosphodiesterase active
  • Na channels close
  • trans retinol
  • cyclic GMP is destroyed
58
Q

bipolar cells produce

A

ONLY GRADED POTENTIALS

59
Q

ciliary muscles

A

suspensory ligaments allow lens to change shape

60
Q

parasympathetic

A

near/ close vision

61
Q

sympathetic

A

far vision

62
Q

phototransduction

A 
-opsin activated->
activates transducin ->
activates phosphodiesterase->
cyclic GMP levels decease ->
gated Na+ channels close ->
neurotransmitter release decreases
63
Q

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion:

A
  • seeing, smelling and anticipating food is perceived in brain
  • brain tells stomach to prepare for receipt of meal
  • 30% of acid response to meal
  • sends signals for vagus never
  • activates parietal cells and inhibits somatostatin
  • stimuli- mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors (smell taste), central pathway (thought), hypoglycemia
  • blocked entirely by vagotomy
64
Q

gastric phase

A
  • about 60% of the total acid for a meal is secreted in this phase
  • stimulated by dissension of the stomach and by AA present in the food
65
Q

intestinal phase:

A
  • accounts for 10% of acid response to a meal when chyme enters SI
  • stimulated by small intestine distention & AA
  • duodenal cells release entero-oxyntin that acts on parietal walls without affecting gastrin
  • amino acids circulating amino acids stimulate acid secretion via direct effect
66
Q

how does the pH of stomach changes before a meal?

A
  • pH is low, acid secretion is suppressed
  • acid stimulates somatostatin release (which decreases gastrin secretion)
  • acid has direct effect to suppress parietal cell secretion
67
Q

early meal digestion

A
  • acid secretion increases
  • Cephalic phase (vagal)
  • gastric pH rises
  • chemical nature of food
68
Q

late meal digestion

A
  • acid secretion decreases
  • buffering capacity of food is saturated
  • as pH falls, acid inhibits further secretion of gastrin and acid secretion wanes
  • chyme entering duo further inhibits acid secretion - same as inhibits gastric emptying
69
Q

saliva digestion

A
  • 2 types -serous & mucous
  • hypotonic
  • flow decreases during sleep
  • K, Cl, HCO3, Na (order smaller act to largest)
  • parotid gland- serous
  • submandibular- mucous & serous
  • sublingual- mucous
  • buccal- mucous
70
Q

pancreatitis

A
  • chronic pancreatitis (multiple shared causes)
  • alcohol -> mostly in adults
  • cystic fibrosis -> mostly in children
  • acute pancreatitis
  • galstones-> most common cause, lack of trypsin inhibitor
71
Q

carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides; mostly glucose

72
Q

proteins

A

small peptides and AA

73
Q

fats

A

2-monoglucerides and fatty acids, mostly neutral fat or triglyceride

74
Q

hydrolysis of nutrients

A

makes them into smaller molecules that can be absorbed in small intestine used in digestion

75
Q

condensation

A

removal of water, harder to absorb nutrients

76
Q

how does cholera toxin impact the GI tract?

A

stimulates secretion of water and electrolytes from crypt cells, lose 10 L or more of fluid a day, increase cAMP levels irreversibly, Na follows gradients activates Cl channels, causes diarrhea

77
Q

Small intestine fluid absorption and secretion

A

Na–> absorbed by epithelial cells of small intestine

absorbed: Na, S, Cl-, H+
secreted: K, Na

78
Q

Crypt cell secretion

A

Na, K, Cl-, electrolytes leads to H20 secretion

79
Q

neural control of respiration:

A

medulla oblongata

80
Q

DRG

A
  • composed of cells in the solitary tract
  • activates phrenic nerve –> diaphragm —> inspiration
  • activate diaphragm
  • tidal volume increases
81
Q

VRG

A
  • mostly for expiration
  • activation of expiratory muscles
  • contains both inspiratory efferent neurons and expiratory efferent neurons
  • activation of VRG—> increased inspiratory efforts
  • involves accessory inspiratory muscle and activation of expiratory efforts - involves accessory inspiratory muscle and activation of expiratory muscles —> active expiration.
  • inactive during quiet breathing
82
Q

aqueos humor is produced by which of the following structures of the eye?

A

ciliary body

83
Q

the structure of the eye that has neural tissue?

A

retina

84
Q

which one of the following photo receptors mediates vision and low light conditions?

A

rods

85
Q

vision action potentials are generated by which of the following cells in the retina?

A

bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion to produce the image

phys lab (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions