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Flashcards in Final Deck (48)
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1
Q

occlusions

A

blockages of blood vessels

2
Q

stroke

A

lack of blood flow to the brain caused by a clop or rupture of a blood vessel

3
Q

ischemic stroke

A

swelling of blood vessels in the brain

4
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

bleeding around/into the brain

5
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

resolution of acute neurological/stroke deficits within 24 hours

6
Q

stroke symptoms (5)

A
  1. numbness/weakness of face, arms or legs, especially on one side of the body
  2. severe headache with no known cause
  3. trouble seeing in one or both eyes
  4. confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
  5. trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
7
Q

factors associated with increased stroke risk (5)

A

advanced age, diabetes mellitus, symptoms more than 10 minutes, weakness, impaired speech

8
Q

Broca’s area

A

‘spoken language’
classical production of language
includes shape the mouth makes

9
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

‘language reception’

10
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

ribbon of tissue that joins the Broca’s area with the Wernicke’s area

11
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

damage to motor images
language comprehension skills are relatively preserved
typical damage to left inferior prefrontal cortex

12
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

fluent nonsense
neologisms
even simple sentences are not well understood

13
Q

combination aphasia

A

Broca’s + Wernicke’s aphasia

14
Q

progressive aphasia

A

slowed speech
naming errors
slow vs. acute progression
often secondary to Alzheimer’s or frontotemporal dementia

15
Q

critical period hypothesis

A

there is an ideal ‘window’ of time in a person’s life to acquire language in a linguistically rick environment, after which further language acquisition becomes much more difficult and effortful

16
Q

people who have more bilateral language representation

A

women
gay men
left-handed people

17
Q

parkinsonism

A

differing combos of slowness of movement (bradykinesia), increased rigidity, tremor and loss of postural reflexes

18
Q

dopamine

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia

19
Q

acetylcholine

A

excitatory neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia

20
Q

bradykinesia

A

slowed ability to start and continue movements and impaired ability to adjust the body’s position

21
Q

akinesia

A

loss of movement

expressionless face

22
Q

Lewy bodies

A

very tiny abnormal protein structures

23
Q

multiple systems atrophy (MSA)

A

an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by diverse clinical symptoms

24
Q

MSA-Parkinsonian

A

progressive bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, jerky postural tremor and tremor at rest

25
Q

MSA-Cerebellar

A

gait and limb ataxia, scanning speech, and cerebellar oculomotor disturbances

26
Q

alpha waves

A

idling frequency

speed into which you go into ‘neural’

27
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

often a replay of the day’s experiences

feels like a conscious examination

28
Q

stage 2-4 sleep

A

mostly NREM stages

not active thoughts

29
Q

delta waves

A

slowest frequency sleep waves

30
Q

sleep paralysis

A

when the brainstem blocks the motor cortex’s messages and the muscles don’t most
brain is active but the body is immobile

31
Q

REM sleep characteristics

A

dreaming, flaccid limb paralysis, rapid eye movements, increased autonomic activities

32
Q

sleep latency

A

the interval to fall asleep after retiring

~10-20 minutes

33
Q

REM latency

A

the interval from falling asleep to the first REM sleep

~90-120 minutes

34
Q

dyssomnias

A

a broad classification of sleeping disorders that make it difficult to get to sleep or stay asleep

35
Q

intrinsic sleep disorders

A

type of dyssomnia
ex. hypersomnia, narcolepsy, periodic limb movement disorder, RLS, sleep apnea, etc.
idiopathic causes

36
Q

extrinsic sleep disorders

A

type of dyssomnia
ex. alcohol dependent sleep disorder, food allergy insomnia, inadequate sleep routines, etc.
modifiable behavior

37
Q

circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

type of dyssomnia
ex. advanced sleep phase syndrome, delayed sleep phase syndrome, jet lag, shift work sleep disorder, etc.
can hack with early morning light

38
Q

narcolepsy

A

a neurological condition most characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness

39
Q

periodic limb movement disorder/nocturnal myoclonus

A

sleep disorder where the patient moves involuntarily during sleep

40
Q

parasomnias

A

a broad classification of various uncommon disruptive sleep-related disorders
intense, infrequent physical acts that occur during sleep
includes sleepwalking, sleep talking, sleep terrors, nightmares, and teeth grinding

41
Q

fatal familial insomnia

A

inherited tendency to develop a progressively severe insomnia that is refractory to medicine
accompanied by neuropsychological problems like inattentiveness, confusion and amnesia

42
Q

polysomnography

A

a comprehensive recording of the biophysical changes that occur during the sleep
simultaneous recordings of EEG, EOG, EMG, EKG, vital signs and breathing

43
Q

anti-senescence

A

loss of function due to age

44
Q

allotropic expression

A

insert many genes

45
Q

xenohydrolases

A

insert foreign genes

46
Q

WILT

A

target genes in vitra and in vivo

47
Q

CRISPR

A

unlocked control over genome

48
Q

Kurzweil’s 6 epochs

A

1: physics and chemistry
2: biology
3: brains
4: technology
5: merger of technology and software designs
6: the universe wakes up