Final!

Question 1

Function of Calcium

Answer 1

Maintain normal BP, blood clotting, muscle contractions, transmission of nerve impulses, may protect against HTN, protective relationship w/ diabetes, blood cholesterol & colon cancer

Question 2

Food Sources of Calcium

Answer 2

Dairy/milk, OJ (fortified), Greens, Sardine’s bones, fish sauce, seaweed, tofu

Question 3

Osteoporosis (Causes/prevention/treatment)

Answer 3

a thinning of the bones -- bone loss outpaces the growth of new bone. Bones become porous, brittle, and prone to fracture
Prevention: Adequate amounts of calcium
Adequate amounts of vitamin D
Regular exercise
Medication, exercises

Question 4

Calcium: What increases absorption?

Answer 4

Stomach acid, vitamin D, lactose, growth hormones

Question 5

Calcium: What increases excretion?

Answer 5

Hypocalcemia refers to low blood calcium concentration

Question 6

Function of Iron

Answer 6

Cofactor in oxidation - reduction reactions, utilization of energy in metabolism, hemoglobin - carried O2 to cells, myoglobin - carries O2 to muscles

Question 7

Food Sources of Iron

Answer 7

Meat (red/fish/poultry/shellfish), spinach & greens, parsley, legumes (beans), grains (breads&cereals)

Question 8

Iron Deficiency

Answer 8

MOst common, 1.6 mill. people, blood losses, Microcytic hypochromic anemia (small & pale RBCs) Fatigue, headaches, weakness, pale (pallor)

Question 9

Iron Overload

Answer 9

Hemochromatosis - genetic disorder that enhances Fe absorption (Can also be from repeated bld tranfsns, massive doses of Fe supplements, rare metabolic disorders) Apathy, lethargy, fatigue, liver tissue damage, higher risk of diabetes, liver cancer, CHD & arthritis

Question 10

Function of Selenium

Answer 10

*antioxidant. Defends against oxidation. May protect against lung, prostate, colon & rectal cancer

Question 11

Selenium Deficiency

Answer 11

Keshan disease - heart enlargement & muscle becomes fibrous, caused by virus but Se deficiency makes people pro-disposed to it, prevalent in regions of China b/c soil low in Se

Question 12

Selenium Overload

Answer 12

Loss & brittleness of hair/nails, skin rash, fatigue, irritability & nervous system disorders, garlic breath OD

Question 13

Function of Iodine

Answer 13

IodiNe-food, IodiDe-body, essential component of the thyroid hormone, regulates body temp, growth/development, metabolic rate

Question 14

Iodine Deficiency

Answer 14

Simple goiter - enlargement of the thyroid gland. Cretinism - mental & physical retardation, maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy

Question 15

Function of Chromium

Answer 15

Enhances insulin action

Question 16

Chromium Deficiency

Answer 16

Low chromium levels can result in elevated blood sugar

Question 17

Function of Fluoride

Answer 17

Formation of teeth/bones, makes bones stronger & teeth more resistant to decay

Question 18

Problems w/ Excessive Amounts of Fluoride

Answer 18

Fluorosis - irreversible pitting & discoloration of the teeth

Question 19

Function of Zinc

Answer 19

Found in all cells, cofactor in > 100 enzymes, found in foods high in protein, important in sexual maturation & growth, involved in growth, development & immune function, influences behavior & learning performance, taste perception, wound healing, sperm development, fetal development

Question 20

Zinc Deficiency Diseases

Answer 20

Stunted growth, seen mostly in Middle East & in children, diet low in zinc, high in legumes, unleavened bread & other whole grains (Bind w/zinc)

Question 21

Functions of Magnesium

Answer 21

Bone mineralization, muscle contraction, immune system, blood clotting, blood pressure

Question 22

Functions of Potassium

Answer 22

Fluid balance (found in the cell), prevents high BP, maintains normal fluid & electrolyte balance, assists in nerve impulse transmission & muscle contractions

Question 23

Food Sources of Potassium

Answer 23

Fresh foods! Broccoli, carrots, tomato juice, strawberries, squash/acorn, artichoke, bananas

Question 24

Function of Water

Answer 24

Digestion - hydrolysis
Transport nutrients - blood
Carries nutrients & waste products
Regulates body temp
Maintains blood volume
Solvents for nutrients
Lubricates joints
Spinal Fluid

Question 25

How to calculate water requirements

Answer 25

1/2 cup per 100 kCal expended (2,000 mL = 10 cups)

Question 26

Functions of Sodium

Answer 26

Maintains fluid balance, maintains normal fluid, electrolyte & acid-base balance, assists in nerve impulse transmission & muscle contraction, increase excretion of calcium

Question 27

Sources of Sodium

Answer 27

Table salt, baking soda, monosodium glutamate (MSG), various seasonings, additives, condiments, meat, fish, poultry, dairy foods, eggs, smoked meats, olives, and pickled foods.

Question 28

Problems w/ Excessive amounts of Sodium

Answer 28

Raises BP, excess may aggravate HTN

Question 29

Difference between Aerobic & Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 29

Aerobic (slow) jogging, swimming, biking, dancing. Anaerobic (quick) printing, weight lifting, long jump

Question 30

Energy source for muscle use: ATP

Answer 30

Adenosine triphosphate, delivers energy instantly, 2-4 secs worth stored in each cell

Question 31

Energy source for muscle use: CP

Answer 31

Creatine phosphate, used anaerobically,

Question 32

Energy source for muscle use: Glucose

Answer 32

Anaerobic

Question 33

Energy source for muscle use: Fat

Answer 33

Aerobic

Question 34

Pre-Game Meals

Answer 34

``` Fluids 300-800 kCal CHO rich foods 60-75% Low in fat & fiber Moderate in protein Light & easy to digest (smoothie) 3-4 hours before event ```

Question 35

Replenishing during Event

Answer 35

Every 15 min during 1/2 - 2 cups

Question 36

Post-Game Meals

Answer 36

High CHO-meals, low in fiber, fat & protein | Beverages w/CHO

Question 37

Proper Hydration before/after and Event

Answer 37

2-3 hours before 2-3 cups 15 mins prior 1-2 cups After 2 cups/lb of body weight lost

Question 38

Use of Sports Drinks

Answer 38

6-8% glucose by weight 8% cramps, nausea & diarrhea Na in sports drinks increase fluid absorption Ex. drink weighs 240 g, 16 g glucose 16/240 = 6.7%, acceptable range

Question 39

Nutrient Needs of Athletes

Answer 39

Carbs, fat, protein

Question 40

Risk factors of CHD

Answer 40

Modifiable: Diet (more sat fat), transfat, cholesterol, fruits/veggies, whole grains, PA, no smoking, stress level, obesity Not modifiable: genetics, gender, age

Question 41

Dietary prevention and treatment for CHD

Answer 41

Increase:sat fat, cholesterol, trans fat(worse), decrease: fruits/veggies, whole grains, fiber (legumes), omega 3s - fatty acids

Question 42

Prevention & Treatment for HTN (High BP)

Answer 42

Weight control, PA, DASH diet, moderate consumption, lower Na intake

Question 43

Cancer - Increasing Dietary Factors

Answer 43

Benzopyrene & heterocyclamines produced from cooking fatty meats over a BBQ Alcohol Smoking High red meat & processed meat (nitrates & proteins = nitrosannines, Vit C can stop it) Fried foods - acrylamide

Question 44

Cancer - Decreasing Dietary Factors

Answer 44

``` Fruits/veggies Milk Garlic Fiber - rich diet Folate Lycopene Calcium Phytochemicals found in cruciferous veggies Antioxidant nutrients - Vit E, C, Beta-carotene, Se (selenium) ```

Question 45

HIV/AIDS Nutritional Concerns

Answer 45

AIDS Wasting Syndrome - malnutrition major contributing factor in causing death in AIDS patients

Question 46

HIV/AIDS Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)

Answer 46

High calories & protein (2g/kg body weight) Weight training & endurance activity to build up muscle mass 2 multiple vitamin & mineral supplements Well cooked foods (no raw milk eggs mushrooms) Increased fluids w/diarrhea, vomiting, night sweats

Question 47

Diabetes - Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)

Answer 47

Total CHO intake - consistent intake helps to regulate blood sugar, too little CHO consumption can lead to hypoglycemia, avoid foods & beverages w/ added sugar Consume 1/2 grains from high fiber, whole grain products

Question 48

Diabetes - Complications from poor control

Answer 48

Dieseses of the Large Blood Vessels (atherosclerosis) Diseases of the small blood vessel (affect kidney function & retinal degeneration) Disease of the Nerves: Nerve tissue deteriorates, loss sensation in hands/legs (injuries go unnoticed, infections lead to gangrene & eventually amputation)

Question 49

Ergogenic aids: Work

Answer 49

Caffeine: enhances alertness & reduces fatigue, GI distress, nervousness, irritability, headaches & diarrhea, rapid heart beat, insomnia & decreased performance Creatine: improvement in muscle strength and size, cell hydration & glycogen loading capacity, enhances high intensity activity - weight lifting & sprints, not shown to benefit endurance, fluid weight gain, cramping, nausea & diarrhea, safe up to 5 g/day Sodium Carbonate: use prior to high intense sport, enhances exercise capacity, buffers & neutralizes CO2, maintain pH levels close to normal, 0.3 g/kg

Question 50

Ergogenic aids: Insufficient Evidence

Answer 50

Beta-hydroxymethylbutrate (HMB) - metabolite of leucine, increases muscle mass & strength in those untrained Ribose: Claims to help re synthesize ATP, does not increase performance

Question 51

Ergogenic aids: Do NOT performed as claimed

Answer 51

Carnitine: Does not enhance fatty oxidation | Chromium Picolinate: no effects on strength, lean body mass or reduced body fat

Question 52

Recommended levels of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Tri, BP

Answer 52

``` TC: less 200 mg/dl LDL: less 100 mg/dl HDL: more 60 mg/dl Triglyceride: less 150 mg/dl BP: more 120/80 mg/dl ```