what is the only modality that accomplishes normalization of movement?
exercise
what are the effects of exercise? (5)
- Strength
- Endurance
- Joint Flexibility
- Coordination/Balance
- Improved sense of well-being
what is involved with support during exercise?
- promote motion
- relive stress to joint or area
- control weight of the body part
- compensate for muscle loss
what is involved with stability during exercise?
- Prohibits, limits, or avoids movement
- Protects the site of healing fracture
- Protects soft tissue subject to trauma
- Protects healing musculotendinous structures
- Prohibits movement of an uninvolved joint or body part
- Grasp above and below the site
- Outside force may be used
PROM exercise
movement created by an external force to maintain unrestricted joint range (versus passive stretch used to increase joint ROM)
AAROM exercise
movement that combines voluntary contraction of muscle(s) and an external force to increase joint ROM
AROM exercise
movement produced from active, voluntary contraction of muscle(s) to increase strength, coordination, and endurance
indications for PROM exercise
- patient unable to perform active exercise
- avoid active exercise in unhealed areas
- counteract effects of immobilization
- DECREASE PAIN
limitations of PROM exercise
- can’t prevent atrophy
- can’t maintain stength, tone, endurance
- DOES NOT NORMALIZE MOVEMENT
contraindications of PROM exercise
- increased symptoms
- intensifies condition
- person is capable of AROM
indications for AROM
- patient able to contract and control muscles
- no contraindications
benefits of AROM
- strength, endurance, elasticity, coordination
- increasing local circulation
- DECREASING PAIN
what is isotonic movement?
visible joint movement
define eccentric, concentric, isometric, isokinetic
- eccentric: fibers lengthen
- concentric: fibers shorten
- isometric: muscle contraction with joint movement
- isokinetic: same speed throughout movement
what is active resistive exercise?
requires additional resistance, such as weights (resistance training)
what are the phases of gait in the correct order?
(1) initial contact (heel strike)
(2) loading response (foot flat)
(3) midstance
(4) terminal stance (heel off)
(5) preswing (toe off)
(6) inital swing (acceleration)
(7) midswing
(8) terminal swing (deceleration)
what AD gives you the most stability?
parallel bars
what is required of the patient for axillary crutches?
- coordination and balance
- be aware they put pressure on axillary area with improper use
what is required of the patient for Lofstrand crutches?
- less trunk stability than axillary crutches
- increased UE strength and trunk control
what factors should you consider when selecting an AD? (4)
- pre-ambulatory activities
- physical condition
- physiological condition
- psychological condition
what are the first 4 stages of gait?
(1) Heel Strike (initial contact)
(2) Foot Flat (loading response)
(3) Midstance
(4) Terminal Stance (Heel Off)
what are the last 4 stages of gait?
(1) pre-swing (Toe Off)
(2) Initial swing (acceleration)
(3) Midswing
(4) Terminal swing (deceleration)
what percentage of gait is stance and swing?
60% stance, 40% swing
seat width
widest part of body +2”
seat depth
posterior glutes to popliteal fold -2”
leg length
popliteal fold to heel
seat height
leg length +2”
arm rest height
seat to olecranon (with arm flexed at 90) +1”
back height
from chair to axilla with arm flexed to 90 -4”