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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Domus

A

house, family, household: includes Pater Familias, mother, children, enslaved individuals, livestock, extended family

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2
Q

Conception and Cotraception

A

herbal contraception widely practiced: silphium was cash crop of Cyrene

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3
Q

Adolescence (Women and children)

A

children had nurses and teachers (pedagogus) for early life

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4
Q

Adolescence (Girls)

A

married soon after puberty
family provided dowry

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5
Q

Boys

A

Apprenticeship or formal education of some kind
often would enter military service or cursus honorum

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6
Q

Bulla (ae)

A

Suspended amulet that upper class boys wore to protect them from evil spirits and/or evil eye

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7
Q

Roman Women

A

took on nomen of father
educated similar to boys but no rhetoric or philosophy

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8
Q

Marriage

A

-often for political purposes
-ritual included clasping of hands
-divorce and remarriage were easy and common

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9
Q

Ideal Roman wife characteristics

A

-virtuous
-chaste
-faithful
-hard worker
-loving

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10
Q

Praetorian Guard

A

-Elite force of soldiers that was supposed to protect emperor
-sometimes assisted in assassination of emperor if necessary
-had a lot of sway in picking the next emperor if one died

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11
Q

Maiestas

A

“Treason” trials enacted by some of the earlier emperors along with use of informants to solidify emperor’s hold on control

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12
Q

Caligula (37-41)

A

-megalomaniac
- was in fact assassinated by Praefect of Praetorian Guard
- Reign of terror in Judaea
-made horse a senator (Incitatus)
- deified sister Drusilla after incestual relationship

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13
Q

Claudius

A

-acclaimed by Praetorians
- adds new provinces
-conspiracies and secret trials/exceutions
*-Freedmen played a large role in the administration of his empire
-dominated by Messalina and then Agrippina (niece)

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14
Q

Nero

A

-son of Agrippina
-initial reign marked by leadership of Burrus and Seneca
-has mother killed in 59 after multiple attempts
- Great Fire of Rome (64)
-Christians blamed for the fire
-intended to build “Neropolis”and “Golden house”
- Revolt starts with Vindex; gets suppressed but spreads to Praetorians
-Senate declares Nero and enemy of state
-he commits suicide

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15
Q

Chaos after Nero

A

-false Neros after his suicide
-Year of Four Emperors : Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian
-Galba=cheap; reputation for harshness among troops
-Otho=lacked support of Rhine troops; called Nero by lower classes; defeated by Vitellius
-Vitellius= troops of Lower Germany declare for him; defeats Otho at Bedriacum
-Vespasian= put down rebellion of Jews in 66; legions of Egypt and Judaea declare for him in 69; blocks grain transport to Rome

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16
Q

Lex de Imperio Vespasiani

A

Senate decree: formalizes power of emperor with reference to deified J-C’s; codifies emperor’s powers and declares that it’s going to Vespasian

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17
Q

Vespasian

A

-First Jewish War (66-73)
-Flavian dynasty connects itself with Augustus; rejects Nero
- Builds Colosseum
-Meta Sudans (fountain at juncture of Augustan regions of city
- buried in mausoleum of Augustus

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18
Q

Titus (79-81)

A
  • punished/banished informer
    -affable, generous
    -relief work post-Vesuvius (79)
    -dedicated Colosseum
    -Arch of Titus
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19
Q

Domitian

A

-alienated Senate through the maiestas trials
- 93: call me “lord and god” = no more first among equals; didn’t go over well
- Titus’s brother; known as evil/bad: would stab caught flies with a pen
-killed by plot of wife, Domitia
-Senate erased all good records of Domitian (Damnatio Memoriae)

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20
Q

Eruption of Vesuvius

A

(79) During reign of Titus

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21
Q

Rediscovery of Pompeii

A

1594-1600: Domenico Fontana builds canal
1710-1716: Duc D’Elbeuf digs in well shaft to reach theater of Herculaneum
1748: excavations began in earnest; tourism increases

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22
Q

Stages of Vesuvius Eruption

A

Aug. 20, 79: small earthquakes
Aug. 24-45 (or later in September), 79: full scale eruption

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23
Q

Pompeii death phases

A
  1. Single Deaths by falling buildings and pumice stone
  2. Large scale deaths by pyroclastic flow (poisonous gas/ash) killed everyone else in 15 minutes
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24
Q

House style: Atrium house

A

house built around atrium/courtyard; rear of house has peristyle for separation of public and private life

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25
Roman Housing Functions: Public Areas in front of house
-house front could be rented out -salutation: formal morning greeting between patron and client -triclinium: dining and entertainment -received decorations; were for show
26
Roman Housing Function: Private Areas in rear of house
-small chambers could be used for sleeping -kitchen/domestic and/or slave areas -house's use varied according to time of day; women could weave in courtyard; furniture was movable
27
City stuff for Pompeii specifically
-sidewalks were raised; roads paved with stones -street signs; graffiti -lots of taverns/bars (located in house fronts) and other things like bakeries -street fountains: fed by aqueducts; water pressurized at certain points -public baths
28
Roman Ludi
-festivals that included formal competitions such as circuses, beast hunts, chariot races, gladiatorial combat, etc. -funded by elite individuals; Emperor funded them during Imperial period
29
Circus Maximus
-roman arena for chariot racing -constructed in Regal period
30
Horse and Chariot Races
-begins with parade -12 races in a day; later expanded -7 laps around -winner presented with palm branch -Four teams (Reds, Whites, Greens, Blues) -factions associated with each stable (like modern football) (curse tablets found along Via Appia associated with these
31
Amphitheaters
-Colosseum -gladiatorial games -venationes -beast hunts -public executions (sometimes tableaux style)
32
Gladiatorial Games
-originally associated with funerary rites -gladiators: prisoners of war, criminals, slaves -Types: Thracian (wide-brimmed hat, curved sword), Samnite (visored helmet, oblong shield), Retarius (net and trident)
33
Venationes
animal hunts; often exotic animals from far off provinces
34
Waterworks/Aqueducts
-aqueducts: water channels -first constructed (Aqua Appia) in 312 BCE -most are traveling underground -arches allow water to bridge valleys; all channels have slight incline -once aqueducts enter city, water goes through settling basins, then is rerouted through various distribution points
35
Public baths
-major focus of city life and inexpensive for visitors -served a similar function to gymnasia in Athens and Greece; had libraries, meeting rooms, gardens
36
Latrines
-Essentially public restrooms -always communal -used a sponge to wipe that was shared around
37
Nerva (96-98)
-selected by Senate -adopted Traianus in 97 -maintained good relations with Senate
38
Changes in Principate (overall)
-37: Gaius is given imperial powers en bloc -Dec. 69: Lex de Imperio Vespasiani: 73/74, Vespasian and Titus are Censors -Titus uses title "Imperator" -Nerva adopts Spaniard general Trajan
39
Trajan's changes to Principate
-"Curatores" special administrators posted to imperial cities
40
Hadrian's changes to Principate
-consilium principis: private advisors to princeps -Quattuorviri consulares: adjudicated cases in Italy - Slavius Iulianus organized edicts of praetors into body of law
41
Trajan (98-117)
- from Italica in Spain - After accession, Trajan remains in Germany to settle things before returning to Rome - Dacian Wars (101-102)(105-106) -brought lots of wealth back to Rome -Built monuments (aka Forum, libraries of Greek and Latin, and Markets of Trajan) with booty -annexed Nabataean as Arabia and Petraea -introduced Alimenta Scheme: funds for poor and orphans in Italy)
42
Methods of imperial imagery in Rome and provinces
-monuments -style relating back to Augustus -connecting forums etc. to past emperor's monuments -Column of Trajan: warfare, grandeur from military prowess, etc. -Arch @ Beneventum: defining moments of Trajan reign and victories - emperor is always in center and everyone looking at him -Tropaeum Triani: in Dacia; celebrates victory; Roman power/prestige
43
Roman Economy
-built on agriculture; wealth was measured in land -senators not in trade; equites are in trade
44
Romans and Trade
-important players in Mediterranean trade since Republic times -extensive trade in border areas and beyond
45
Grain Trade in Rome
-imported at Ostia Antica (port) -Gaius Gracchus instituted first sale of grain at fixed price -Clodius gave away grain as dole to citizens -many Egypt taxes were paid in grain
46
Antonnine Plague (165-180)
-probably something like smallpox that swept the roman world -2000 deaths/day in Rome -10% of Empire died
47
Edict of Caracalla (212)
decree that every person in Roman Empire is now a citizen
48
Hadrian (117-138)
consolidated Roman Empire, solidified administration -tour of empire -Hadrian's wall in Brittania
49
Threats to Roman World in 2nd century
-Military: external pressure, revolts -natural: diaster and disease -economic -political
50
Commodus (180-192)
-resolves conflict in 180 -goes crazy, devotes himself to gladiatorial combat -strangled in palace
51
Reorganization of army under Severus
-increased size of army; personal troops -military pay increased, life improved -frontiers secured: troops stationed along front to deal w/threats
52
Imperial Family (Domus Divina) under Severus
-Severus retroactively adopted by Antonines -Julia Domna, Caracalla and Geta very visible -imperial cult is strengthened -monarchy is anti-senatorial, absolutist
53
Caracalla (211-217) +Geta (211-212)
Co-Augusti completed campaign and returned father's ashes to Rome; Geta is killed in mother's arms in 212 - soldiers benefited from Caracalla's reign -currency devalued: new taxes, economic strain on empire -212: edict of Caracalla: everyone is now a citizen
54
Sources for the army
-documents preserved on papyrus, wood -military diplomas list service -inscriptions concerning individual soldiers, military units, and veterans -Trajan's column, Trophaeum Traiani -ruins of forts
55
Impact of army
-brought imperial rule to the provinces in a tangible way -built roads, aqueducts, public works -provided access to citizenship for non-citizens -granted a means of financial gain for citizens -acted as an economic stimulus to some areas
56
Romanization
-adopting Roman lifestyle, thought, ideals (being "Roman largely legal distinction); indicators of Roman-ness spread throughout empire -romanization mostly occurred among elite
57
Markers of Romanization
-Roman colonial foundations -Roman goods, etc.
58
Local Admin in Provinces
-"Foreign" (Peregrine) cities kept own laws and structures -Municipia were modeled on Roman administration -magistracies required cash -many local communities run by town councils: administered taxation -service became onerous in Later Empire
59
Roman State Religion
-membership in polis (ancient city) defined connection to religious life -religion tied city to gods, provided for maintenance of right relations with gods -sacrifice was a central rite of Roman religion
60
Imperial Cult
-instituted after death of Julius Caesar -"Numen" of living emperor was honored along with Roma -Augustus, at death, entered pantheon -Trajan is first associated with Jupiter
61
Mystery cults
-Mithras -mystery cults were secret organizations; one was not supposed to reveal secrets to others; typically involved stuff about afterlife
62
Dura Europos
-stunning mix of religious structures found at site -Jewish Synagogue: Late 2nd century: Torah Shrine -Christian meeting place
63
Mithras
-Eastern god, important in 2nd century -worship closely associated with soldiers -main image is Tauroctony -cult only for men -initiation preceded along grades or levels associated w/planets -usually meeting places underground in vaulted spaces -
64
Chaos of 3rd century
-external threats (aka Sassanians) + Germans and Persians -mutiny of Rhine army -political instability and civil war -economic crisis: invasions and debased currency
65
Political/Military Reforms of 3rd century
-emperor served as officiator of law -emperor was supreme commander, bore title Invictus - emperor was instrumental in maintaining peace of gods -Diocletian increased number of soldiers on frontiers -number of provinces increased -chain of command
66
Imperial Bureaucracy
-bureaucracy associated with court and imperial household -increase in network of spies -police responsible for imperial guard -administration divided into various offices

Roman History (2 decks)

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