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Biological Anthropology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Why Bipedality?

A

Energy Efficiency
Ecological Influences
Dietary Influences

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2
Q

Energy Efficiency

A

bipedality decreases risk of overheating

maintains group size while also increasing access to resources

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3
Q

Ecological Influences

A

Standing up right in grasslands and predation

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4
Q

Dietary Influences

A

Feeding on fruit trees?

Standing upright on limbs?

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5
Q

Origins and evolution of primate intelligence: 3 schools of thought

A

Technical intelligence and tool use
Ecological intelligence
Social intelligence

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6
Q

Technical Intelligence

A

Tools and access to food

The ability to use/construct tools uses sophisticated cognitive skills

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7
Q

Technical Intelligence Problem

A

There were bipeds 6 MYA but tools weren’t until 2.5 MYA and brain size didn’t change dramatically until 300KYA

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8
Q

Ecological Intelligence

A

Navigate and find food in highly complex environments and remember patchy distribution

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9
Q

Ecological Intelligence Problem

A

Other organisms did just fine, and it appears that our early fossils appear in forest, not savannah, environments

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10
Q

Social Intelligence

A

Large brain size allows apes to cope with and exploit increasingly complex social relations

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11
Q

Social Intelligence Problem

A

Brian to body ratio of early homo similar to great apes, other animals with regular brains also live in complex groups (wolves)

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12
Q

Characteristics of Hominins

A

bipedal
smaller canines
slightly larger brain to body ratio

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13
Q

Australopithecus

A

anamensis(oldest), afarensis, africanus

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14
Q

Afarensis and “Lucy”

A

Biped
Small Brian
Small Body
Adult

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15
Q

Africanus and Taung Child

A

baby teeth
placement of FM argument for bipedality
no flared zygomatics

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16
Q

Robust Australopithecines

A 
Wide flaring zygomatics
Heavy molars
Large teeth 
Sagittal crest
Dished face
Extreme specialization
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17
Q

Homo erectus: time frame

A

1.7 to 1.8 MYA

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18
Q

Pleistocene

A

Characterized by CHANGE and MASSIVE CLIMATIC OSCILLATION

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19
Q

What would we see in the fossil record after glacial change?

A

Massive extinction events
Massive speciation
Larger warm blooded organisms

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20
Q

What made H. erectus so special?

A

Had extreme variation in morphology and potentially behavior (maybe onset of culture)

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21
Q

Asian archaics

A

1150-1400 cc

Coexisting with H. erectus

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22
Q

African archaics

A

large cc, but not very neanderthal like

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23
Q

European archaics

A

larger cc than H. erectus

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24
Q

Neanderthals

A

30-15 KYA
Europe, northern climates
Overlap with anatomically modern humans
Not sure if separate species or not

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25
Neanderthals distinguishing characteristics
``` heavy ROBUST bones large brow ridges OCCIPITAL BUN barrel chest larger cranium than H. erectus large nose no chin shorter limbs ```
26
Human Characteristics
``` high forehead mental eminence smaller teeth gracile features symbolic culture ```
27
Bergman's rule
Stipulates that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature
28
Allen's rule
Stipulates that in warmer climates, the limbs of the body are longer relative to body size to dissipate heat
29
Neanderthal Life History
similar to humans
30
Neanderthal Behavior
Few are found with upper paleolithic tools
31
Upper paleolithic tools
characterized by blade-based technology
32
Blades
flakes that are twice as long as they are wide
33
Neanderthals are cold adapted:
hearth has been found ate alot of meat (cannibalism?) probably mobile
34
How are Nean. related to sapiens? Lumpers
Argue that archaic H. sapiens and Neanderthals were a part of the same potentially interbreeding species
35
How are Nean. related to sapiens? Splitters
Argue that Neanderthals are separate and distinct species that rarely interbred with H. sapiens
36
Sapiens dispersal: Replacement prediction
See modern human fossils in Africa 2 distinct hominids in old world they overlap in time/space but not in genetics abrupt changes in technology and behavior
37
Sapiens dispersal: Multiregional prediction
``` Single evolving lineage slightly different trends in each region intermediate fossils behavioral continuity all contribute to gene pool ```
38
developmental plasticity
is a general term referring to changes in neural connections during development as a result of environmental interactions
39
What defines australopithecines from earlier forms?
earliest hominids 6 MYA, australo 4 MYA increased cranial capacity bipedalism smaller teeth
40
allometric effects
larger brains, larger bodies
41
prognathism
projection of the face well in front of the brain case
42
Homo habilis
'handy man' | 2.5 MYA
43
Oldowan industry
"old one" characterized by
44
Homo erectus
1.8-1.9 MYA Major adaptive shift body/brain increase tooth size decrease
45
First homonid to leave Africa?
H. erectus
46
Acheulean Industry
bi-facial hand-axes and cleavers | H. erectus and sapiens
47
Movius line
division between hand-axe bearing and those without hand axes
48
Why does Movius line exist hypotheses (2)
1) Absense in Africa reflects loss of technology caused by differences in selective pressures and raw materials between Asia and Africa 2) Hominids who left Africa left before Acheulean tools were developed
49
What are some things that may have increased dietary quality?
More meat Higher quality plant foods Cooking
50
How would you expect H. erectus life history to change?
longer life span | greater juvenile period
51
Archaic Homo sapiens
Intermediate between H. erectus and H. sapiens
52
What is language? (5)
``` spoken semantic phonemic grammatical has recursion ```
53
sematic
have meaning and represent real-world objects
54
phonemic
sounds make up words and there is no intrinsic association between a word and its concept
55
recursion
the ability to string together sentences, imbed clauses, imbed levels of ideas
56
When cave art?
End of pliestocene
57
Why did language evolve? (4)
throwing ability, handedness replacement for grooming symbols and sex gesture and spoken language
58
4 approaches of evolution of human behavior
Paleontological reconstructions biocultural approach human evolutionary ecology evolutionary psychology
59
Paleontological reconstructions
using fossils etc. to reconstruct behavior of earlier hominids and then extrapolating them to modern humans
60
Biocultural Apporaches
How human cultural behavior has influenced biological change (lactase persisitance, sickle cell)
61
Evolutionary Psych
behavior should be interpreted through the terms of EEA
62
EEA
Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
63
Human Evolutionary Ecology
Reproductive success in existing hunter-gatherer societies
64
Intensification
Increase in productivity of the same amount of land -> leads to surplus
65
Consequences of the rise of food production
Declining health | Elaboration of material possessions
66
What happens when you get a bunch of organisms living together?
Disease | Dependence on crops for food
67
Focal Sampling
1 subject for amt of time
68
Scan Sampling
Multiple subjects

Biological Anthropology (1 decks)

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