Final Exam Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
When the ____ is dilated, the glomerular filtration rate will increase, but _____ a potent vasoconstrictor decreases glomerular filtration rate
A
Afferent arteriole
Angiotensis II
2
Q
In a state of alkalosis a —– ion is returned to the blood for every ——- secreted into the tubular fluid
A
Hydrogen
Bicarbonate
3
Q
—- occurs at each renal corpuscle through specialized foot cells known as —- which are visceral to the bowmans capsule
A
Filtration
Podocytes
4
Q
The harmful nitrogen product —- is converted into the less harmful —- in the liver, allowing for safe passage of waste through the urine
A
Ammonia
Urea
5
Q
—- which is the movement of water from Los solute concentration to high solute concentration is facilitated by the action of the —— which acts to maintain low intercellular sodium levels and it uses atp to fiction
A
Sodium potassium pump
6
Q
____ supplies nutrient to the kidneys without disrupting osmolarity, and _____ run along the tubules of the nephrons and are essential for exchange between the cardiovascular system and the tubules
A
Vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
7
Q
What is the name for a protein structure that specifically allows transport of more than one molecule in the same direction
A
Symporter
8
Q
Which of the following is true of nephrons?
A
Can lose %50 percent of them and the body still function
9
Q
In the kidney most of the filtered water and solutes are returned to the blood by the time the filtrate reaches the
A
Loop of Henle
10
Q
The juxtamedullary apparatus is responsible for
A
Influencing the afferent arteriole
11
Q
Metabolic acidosis could occur if which of the following was too low?
A
Bicarbonate
12
Q
What can decrease water reabsorption in the kidney
A
Atrial natriuretic peptide
13
Q
Which of the following is not a function of calcium in the body
A
Creating an action potential
14
Q
What is critical about magnesium in the body
A
Important cofactor
15
Q
The daily intake of this far exceeds average every day?
A
Sodium
16
Q
What is a sign of poor kidney function?
A
Large proteins in urine
17
Q
What hormone regulates the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body?
A
Parathyroid hormone
18
Q
Which of the following best describes the distribution of chloride and potassium between cells and body fluids?
A
Cl- mainly outside the cells and k+ usually inside the cells
19
Q
What molecule found in large quantities can indicate diabetes?
A
Glucose
20
Q
What are two types of nephrons and what do they do?
A
Cortical- make up 80% of nephrons, shorter loops of Henle
Juxtamedullary - 20%, longer loops
21
Q
Describe the three layers of renal filtration membrane and what each excludes
A
Endothelial fenestrations - all cells and platelets
Basal lamina membrane- large proteins
Slit membrane - medium proteins
22
Q
Name two hormones that increase reabsorption of water
A
Anti diuretic hormone
Aldosterone
23
Q
What are three major buffering reactions or chemicals in the body
A
Protein buffering system
Carbonic- bicarbonate buffering system
Phosphate buffering system
24
Q
What is the signal for release of ANP where is it released and what’s its effect?
A
Stretching of the atria releases is from the cells around and heart which lower BP
25
Why Is a arteriole BP or 90mmhg a problem
GFR too high. Miss solutes and nutrients because you can't absorb them.
26
Name two difference in the female and male urinary system
female urethra are shorter than males. Females are more susceptible to UTI's
27
What are the roles of intercalated and principle cells
Intercalated maintain blood ph. Principle cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium
28
What is the physiological explanation for laughing so hard you pee?
Urinary incontinence - lose control of muscles retaining urine in the bladder
29
The majority of the nose is made up of -____ which provides the structural support and flexibility, but where the nostrils meet the face is largely composed of ____
Cartilage
| Adipose tissue
30
____ cells are responsible for the secretion of mucous in the airway and the only secretion of the large intestine is____
Goblet cells
| Mucous
31
The air we breathe is 79% ____ and 21%____
Nitrogen
| Oxygen
32
The factors that determine the movement of gas into liquid are temperature ___ and ____
Solubility
| Pressure
33
____ reactions break down molecules into organic compounds
| _____ reactions synthesize complex molecules from small molecules
Catabolic
| Anabolic
34
___ are responsible for gas exchange in the lungs
| ___ have microvilli and serve to secrete surfactant into the lungs
Type 1
| Type 2
35
The roof of the nasal cavity is made of ____
| And the floor is made of ____
Ethmoid
| Hard palate
36
Pancreatic juice is ____
Basic
37
The exchange of blood and tissue is called
| The exchange of blood and air in lungs is called
Internal respiration
| External respiration
38
As blood glucose levels decline. ____ is released from ___ in the pancreas, stimulating gluconeogenisis
Glucagon
| Alpha cells
39
____ in the large intestine concert undigested carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and methane gas, and this conversion is increased in people who consume dairy products and do not produce ___
Bacteria
| Lactase
40
Amino acids move out of epithelial cells into the blood stream via ___ whereas monosaccharides move out of epithelial cells into the blood stream via ____diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
| Simple diffusion
41
The movement of gasses into liquids is best described by _ and the relationship between pressure and volume is described by _.
Henry's
| Boyles
42
__ is the decrease of the energy content of a molecule
| __ is increasing the art potential
Oxidation
| Reduction
43
To ensure food doesn't go into the respiratory system the _ is lifted and the _ bends to close of the passageway.
Pharynx
| Epiglottis
44
The nutrient rich and sometimes toxic blood enters the _ via the hepatic portal system where it then pools in the _
Liver
| Sinusoids
45
The structure where blood vessels enter the l lungs
Hilus
46
The permanent air trapped in the respiratory system
Residual air
47
Para nasal sinuses do what?
Resonate voice
48
The neuron cluster sending constant inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area
Pneumotaxic area
49
Is a submassiter a salivary gland?
No
50
The phase where the stretch receptors in the duodenum and sympathetic nerves slow stomach activity
Intestinal
51
Which hormone suspends release of stomach enzymes while promoting release of pancreatic enzymes?
Secretin
52
The quantity of oxygen dissolved in the plasma not bound to hemoglobin
1.5%
53
Hardest substance in the human body?
Enamel
54
Bile is made of water salts and _.
Cholesterol
55
Three phases of digestion?
Cephalic- PNS prepares body for food
Gastric- releases enzymes to break down food
Intestinal - getting byproduct/ waste of absorbed food out
56
Describe basic role of pressure during breathing
Pressure decrease air come in. Pressure increase air go out
57
Describe two types of lung volume
Tidal- total amount of air we can bring in and out.
| Residual- about 1200 ml of air trapped permanently in the body
58
Name 3 vital functions of the liver
Bile production
Ammonia to urea
Filtration of blood
59
Describe the importance of both bile and pancreatic juices as chyme is released into the duodenum
Helps further break down chyme and absorb nutrients.
| Bile acts as a buffer to acidic chyme
60
What cannot be made without lipids.
Cell membranes
| Adipose tissue
61
Describe the difference between absorptive and post-absorptive state as well as major hormones
Absorptive- food in and absorption of broken down substances into bloodstream. Insulin from the pancreas
Post absorptive- movement of material through GI and out the body.
62
3 functions of saliva.
Buffer
Lubricant
Digestion
63
Describe two reflexes associated with the movement of ingested material through the digestive tract
Gastroilial- movement of material from stomach into duodenum
| Gastrocecal-movement through transverse colon to rectum
64
A _ Sperm and a _ oocyte merge to form a _
Haploid
Haploid
Diploid
65
How does the oocyte move towards the uterus?
Peristalsis and cilia
66
What stimulates uterine contraction that is made by the sperm?
Prostaglandins
67
Where do sperm fully mature?
Within the female
68
What happens during sperm contact with the oocyte?
Sperm penetrate the granulosa cells around the oocyte (corona radiata)
Sperm digest through the zona pellucida
The first sperm to touch the oocyte membrane triggers the slow and fast block polyspermy
69
What is slow and fast block polyspermy
Fast - 1-3 seconds after contact, oocyte membrane depolarizes and other cells can't bind.
Slow- depolarization triggers intercellular release of Ca which hardens the zona pellucida
70
A fertilized ovum is called a
Zygote
71
Sperm entry triggers the oocyte to complete _ and dumb second _
Meiosis II
| Polar body
72
Rapid mitotic cell division of embryo is called
Cleavage
73
The first cleavage occurs in - hours
30
74
2nd cleavage occurs on the
2nd day
75
By the third day there are how many cells
16
76
By day 4 of cleavage a solid ball of cells called the _ has formed
Morula
77
A _ is a hollow ball of cells that enters the uterine cavity by day 5
Blastocyst
78
The outer covering of the blastocyst is called the
Trophoblast
79
Inner part of the blastocyst is called the
Blastocele
80
The trophoblast and inner cell mass of the blastocyst will turn into the
Fetus
81
Implantation is what? Occurs how many days after fertilization
Attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium. Implants with cells inner cell mass contacting the endometrium. 6 days
82
The trophoblast develops two distinct layers after implantation
Synctioteophoblast- secrete enzymes that digest endometrial cells
Cytotrophoblast- defines original shape of embryo
83
Trophoblast secrete what which helps _ maintain the uterine lining
Human chorionic gonadotropin
| Corpus luteum
84
What is a ectopic pregnancy
Development of embryo outside the uterus
Most often in uterine tubes
Twice as common in smokers due to nicotine paralyzingly cilia
85
What is the beginning of the organ systems called?
Gastrulation
86
Cytotrophoblast form _ and _
Cells inner cell mass from the _
Cells bordering the Blastocele form _
Amnion and amnionic cavity
Ectoderm
Endoderm
87
The endodermal cells developed from the endoderm from the cells bordering the Blastocele from what?
Yolk sac
88
Cytotrophoblast cells divide to fill the spaces surrounding the yolk sac with _?
Extraembryonic mesoderm
89
By day 14 cells of the embryo have produced three distinct layers which will turn into what?
Endoderm- epithelial lining of GI and respiratory
Mesoderm- muscle none and other connective tissue
Ectoderm- develops into skin and nervous system
90
What do the yolk sac, amnion, chorion and allantois do?
```
Yolk sac- early site of blood formation
Amnion- shock absorber, body temp reg
(Amniocentesis is looking at this)
Chorion- placenta
Allantois- umbilical cord
```
91
What is decidua
All of the endometrium lost as placenta
92
When does the placenta form? And what is it composed of?
3 months in. Chorion of the embryo and the stratum functionalis layer of the uterus
93
What does the placenta do?
diffusion of O2, nutrients and waste
Storage of nutrients and produces hormones
Barrier. (Except to measles, chicken pox, polio, encephalitis. Alcohol
94
What is the umbilical cord composed of?
Primitive connective tissue. 2 arteries to the placenta and 1 vein that carried oxygenated blood to the fetus
95
The corpus luteum produces these two hormones which maintain the lining of the uterus
Estrogen and progesterone
96
What does relaxin do? Human chorionic somatomammoteopin or human placental lactogen? Corticotropin releasing hormone?
Relaxes connective tissue of the pelvis and cervix
Prepare mammary glands for lactation
Secretion of fetal cortisol which stimulate lung maturation and help time birth
97
What are some maternal changes during pregnancy?
GI tract compression causing heartburn and constipation
| Pressure on bladder causing frequency and urgency of micturition.
98
What are some cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive and urinary changes during pregnancy?
Cardio- increase heart rate 15% and blood volume 30-50%
Respiratory- increase tidal volume 30%
Reproductive- uterus increases in size from 80g to 1200g
Urinary- increase glomerular filtration rate 40%
99
How does parturition occur?
Placenta stimulates fetal anterior pituitary which cause fetal adrenal gland to secrete dehydroepiandrosterone which the placenta converts to estrogen which overcomes progesterone and labor behind
100
Describe the positive feedback loop for labor
Uterine contractions force fetal head into cervix causing in to stretch which sends a nerve impulse to the hypothalamus causing the release of oxytocin. Oxytocin causes more contraction producing more stretch and more nerve impulses
101
Name the three stages of labor
Dilation
Expulsion
placental
102
Baby's first breath
Cutting of umbilical cord causes increase in CO2 causing first breath
103
What is colostrum
Cloudy white fluid released the first few days after birth
| True milk after 4 days
104
Blood vessels entering the glomerulus are fully dilated upon sustained _____ activation, but are constricted with ____ activation
Parasympathetic
| Sympathetic
105
What are two errors in meiosis?
Nondisjunction and translocation
106
```
What are teratogens?
Fetal alcohol syndrome causes-
Cocaine
Smoking
Irradiation
```
```
Cause developmental defects
slow growth, facial features, defective heart
Attention problems, hyperirritability
Low birth weight, cleft lip
Mental retardation
```
107
Alternatives to fertilization
Fertilization in a lab- in vitro
Embryo transfer- artificial insemination
Gamete intrafallopian transfer-
108
Where do the testes develop?
Near kidney and descend into the scrotum by passing through the inguinal canal the 7th month of fetal development
109
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Piece of peritoneum that descended with testes into scrotal sac. Allows for easier movement of testes within the scrotum
110
What is cryptorchidism?
Testes don't defend into testes. Can causes sterility and increase chance of testicular cancer
111
Seminiferous tubules contain...
All stages for sperm development.
| Spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa.
112
What are the supporting sperm cells called?
Sertoli cells
113
What do leydig cells do?
Release testosterone
114
Sertoli cells. Do what?
Form blood testis barrier
Support new sperm cells
Produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
Secret inhibit which slows sperm production by inhibiting fsh
115
Sperm anatomy
Head- head contain DNA and acrosome
Mid body- mitochondria
Tail- flagella
116
Testosterone effects.
Sexual behavior and libido, make metabolism, deepening of voice.
Being born male.
117
Hormone control of spermatogenesis
___ increase its stimulation of ____ with releasing hormones.
___ stimulates ___ to secrete testosterone
____ stimulates spermatogenesis.
Hypothalamus , anterior pituitary
LH , Leydig cells
FSH
118
What is an indirect and direct hernia
Indirect- loop of intestine protrudes though deep ring
| Direct- loop of intestine pushes though posterior wall of inguinal canal
119
What are the benefits of seminal fluid?
Neutralizes vaginal acid and male urethra.
Fructose for ATP
Prostaglandin stimulate sperm motility and viability. Clotting protein for coagulation of semen
120
Benefits of prostrate gland
Secrete fluid that increase motility and viability of sperm.
121
What does the bulbourethral gland do?
Secrete alkaline mucous into spongy urethra which neutralizes acids and lubricates
122
What is an erection
Sexual stimulation dilates arteries supplying the penis
123
What is atresia?
The degeneration of oogonia
124
Three layers of the uterine tube?
Mucosa- ciliated columnar epithelium
Muscularis- peristalsis
Serosa- outer membrane
125
Name the three layers of the endometrium
Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium.
126
What hormone controls the reproductive system?
GnRH
127
What does GnRH do?
Stimulate the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
128
What does FSH and LH do ?
FSH- initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
LH- stimulates ovulation and promotes the formation of corpus luteum which secretes estrogen progesterone relaxin and inhibin
129
Describe the menstrual phase-
Lasts for 5 days. Start of cycle.
130
Preovulatory phase-
lasts from 6-13 days, most variable. Thickened stratum functionalis 4-10 mm
131
Ovulation-
Rupture of follicle and release of 2nd oocyte
High levels of estrogen --> more GnRH and LH
More GnRH equals more FSH and LH
more LH equals follicle shooting out of ovary
132
Signs of ovulation -
Increase in basal body temp, increase in libido,
| Increase in cervical mucous, cervix softens
133
Post ovulation phase -
If fertilaTion didn't occur, corpus albicans is formed.
| If did happen hCG is secreted maintaining a healthy corpus luteum and its hormone secretions
134
How does the pill work?
Progesterone and estrogen combination pill.
| Prevents anterior pituitary from releasing LH and FSH
