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Flashcards in Final Exam Deck (31)
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1
Q

What does the general cell cycle consist of?

A

G1, S, G2 and M

2
Q

What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

growth phase where cell enters

3
Q

what is the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

where cells replicate all of their DNA

4
Q

what is the G2 phase?

A

another growth phase that preps the cell for division

5
Q

what is the “M” phase?

A

Mitosis or meiosis(only for sex cells)

6
Q

What are the 4 phases of division?

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase — cytokinesis

7
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

nucleus disassembles and spindles are made and work to attach to the chromosomes

8
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

MEET in the middle (line up on the metaphase plate)

9
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A

APART – chromosomes separate to opposite sides

10
Q

what happens in telophase?

A

THE end. nucleus is remade and chromosomes start to un-condense

11
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm and everything else of the cell separates (making 2 cells)

12
Q

what are the non-sex cells in mitosis called?

A

somatic cells

13
Q

what is the end result of mitosis?

A

two identical daughter cells are created (identical to mother cell)

14
Q

what type of cells undergo meiosis?

A

sex cells

15
Q

what is the result of meiosis 1?

A

diploids transition to haploids

16
Q

what is the result of meiosis 2?

A

haploid with replicated chromosomes divide into haploids with unreplicated chromosomes

17
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

chromosomes with the same genes but not the same alleles

18
Q

what is an allele?

A

different versions of the same gene / one version of a gene

19
Q

what are autosomes?

A

non-sex CHROMOSOMES

20
Q

what is a genotype?

A

what is in the DNA

21
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

what the organism looks like

22
Q

what is a gene?

A

piece of DNA that encodes for a protein

23
Q

what is homozygous?

A

both copies of the gene are the same allele

24
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

both copies of the gene are different alleles

25
Q

what does it mean to be dominant?

A

the allele that determines the phenotype of the heterozygote

26
Q

what does it mean to be recessive?

A

the allele that is “hidden” in the heterozygote

27
Q

what is incomplete dominant?

A

heterozygote has a phenotype that does not match either homozygote

28
Q

what is co-dominance?

A

heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both parents simultaneously

29
Q

what is true breeding?

A

homozygous with a homozygous

30
Q

what is penetrance?

A

the percentage of people with the disease mutation actually get the disease

31
Q

what is expressivity?

A

the level of variation in phenotype between individuals with the same genotype