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1
Q

Globalization

A

Development driven by transnational corperations

2
Q

World Trade Organization (WTO

A
Facilitate intergovernmental agreements
-agree to by countries
-government gives up agreement rights to reach agreement
Free-er Trade
-Less regulation
-laissefair
-neo-regulated markets
3
Q

Comparative Advantage

A

David Riccardo
Specialize in thing that they do best (Better/Cheeper)
Import what you cannot do well

4
Q

General Council

A

WTO members
164
agree on rules of WTO

5
Q

Secratariot

A

200 people who decide all the rules

6
Q

Director General

A

Robert Azevedo

7
Q

4 Principles of Operation (WTO)

A

Tariffs- protect economy through tariffs, not limitations
Reciprocity- I scratch your back, you scratch mine
Non-Discrimination- All rules apply to all members
Negotiations- All agree to periodic negotiations

8
Q

Generalized System of Preferences

A

promotes exports from poor countries to rich

9
Q

Dispute Settlement Mechanism

A

One country believes another is breaking WTO rule
Trade Tribunal- sets out timeline and resolution mechanism
Panel- appointed to come up with solution through arbitration. Secret meetings between 3 members

10
Q

2008

A

World Trade Fell

Tarrifs rose massively

11
Q

Doha Development

A
2001
most ambitious world trade proposal ever
comparative advantage
benefits rich
(No agreement has been made yet)
12
Q

Uruguay Trials

A

1984
Changed Africa from large food exporter to large importer
Africans lost their jobs

13
Q

Bilateral Trade Agreement

A

2 countries agree to trade together

14
Q

Regional Trade Agreement

A

regions that agree to trade together

15
Q

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

A

Tarrifs are slowly eliminated
manufacturing moves to mexico
Sunset Clause- Can pull out of NAFTA at any time

16
Q

World Population

A

Generally unchanged until 1800s then skyrocketed after reaching 1 billion

17
Q

What Causes Population Growth?

A

When birth rates are higher death rates.
Birth rates and death rates a going down.
In developed countries: birth rates going down faster than death
Undeveloped: death rates are going down faster
“Population Growth Momentum”

18
Q

Population Rate Suprieses

A

-Speed of population growth going down

19
Q

Reasons Why People are not Dying

A

Better Health Care (HIV, AIDs help)

Infant Mortality decreasing

20
Q

The Fertility Rate

A

Number of live births between ages of 15 and 34

Replacement rates: 2.1 that holds population stable

21
Q

Population Density

A

Number of people in a square kilometer

22
Q

China and Population

A

1 child policy used to be 1.6 Fertility rate

Rapid decline in population was bad for country, so they stopped enforcing it.

23
Q

Thomas Malfus

A
Population grows exponentially ^2
Food grows additionally 1+1+1+1
This will cause us not to have enough food eventually
"Food Availability Decline."
-Must control population grow
-Excessive population ruins environment.
24
Q

Problems in poplation

A
  • Old people are going to 1/5 of population
  • Preference to sons (aborting baby girls) and having more men than women
  • Sub Saharan Africa population is going to rise from 1 billion to 3.6 billion (Poverty)
25
Q

Carrying Compacity

A

There is only so much the world can give.

But there is no exact number (Very disputed)

26
Q

4 Population Myths

A
  • World is overpopulated
  • Rapid population growth keeps poor countries poor
  • China 1 child policy is good for economy
  • If population declines, economy declines
27
Q

The Rise of Urbanisiation

A
  • People moving out of countryside and into cities
  • We live a world of megacities (Very populated)
  • People who move inwards, do not have city skills, and quality life declines
  • They move out of necessity (Agro-business forcing them out)
  • Mike Davis: “A planet of slums”
28
Q

Rural Urban Migration

A
  • Daily occurrence
  • loosening of colonial power (Rules loosened)
  • conflict moves people into urban areas
  • High open unemployment
  • high underemployment (Short jobs)
  • High informal employment (Under the table)
29
Q

International Migration

A

-People moving around the world
-Former colonies generally move to colonial powers
Migration
-Poor to rich countries
-Between developing countries
-Rich to poor
-For cost efficency
Brain Drain (Skilled people moving for better work)

30
Q

Remitances

A

Money immigrants send back to their families in home countries.

31
Q

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

A

Eliminate all tariff and non tariff barriers to trade

32
Q

General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS)

A

Less Regulation on:

  • Health Care
  • Education
  • General Trades
33
Q

Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)

A

Trade marks

Cannot reverse engineer and reproduce pharmaceuticals

34
Q

Evidence of Climate Change

A
  • Trend increase of global temperature

- More CO2

35
Q

Implications of Polar Temperature Rising

A

Ice melts (More heat is retained)
Warmer seas feed storms
Frozen ground thaws (and releases methane)

36
Q

Theories on our Relationship With Nature

A

Fatalists-We Cannot Change Nature (its fate)
Entrepreneurial Expansionist-Nature Can Take What We Give it
Hierarchist-Nature Can Take What We Give (To A Point)
Communal-Nature is Fragile

37
Q

Rich vs Poor Climate Change

A

Poor are more susceptible to effects of climate change
Developed countries screw over poor countries
Richest 10% of population do 1/2 of CO2 emission

38
Q

Global Human Inequality and Climate

A
Developed World
-emission
-agro-companies
-chemical companies
-energy demand
Undeveloped World
-High birth rates=need for rapid expansion
39
Q

Overconsumption

A
Transportation
-Container ships, airplanes
Deforestation
-killing the lungs of the planet
Agriculture, Mining
Sand
-becoming scarce
-dredging rivers and seas (destroying habitat)
Water Availibility
Fish
-overfishing
-global warming forces environment change
Species Extinction
40
Q

Conference of the Parties (COP)

A

Climate change section of the UN
Focuses on 2 problems
-Adaptation (of developing countries)
-Mitigation (of developed countries)

41
Q

6 Approaches to Global Environmental Government

A
Scarcity (Levels of human consumption must be cut)
Liberal Market (The Market will solve the problem)
Environmental Economics (Put a price on recources)
Ecologic Economics (Thermodynamics- we cannot restore the planet)
Ecological Modernization (Green Markets)
42
Q

Bruntland Report

A

1987
Sustainable development
Maintain development without jeopardizing future generations

43
Q

Cap and Trade

A

set emissions limits on companies that they can trade for a profit

44
Q

Carbon Tax

A

government charges companies for their emissions

45
Q

Paris Agreement

A
2015
Keyisto Protical
187 Countries Agreed:
-not to increase temp by 2 degrees 
Pledges made by countries are not good enough
46
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Develop the current system to sustain future needs

47
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information

48
Q

Amartya Sen

A

Indian Economist who’s book was about:

  • political freedoms
  • freedom of opportunity
  • economic protection from abject poverty
49
Q

Authoritarianism

A

enforcement of strict obedience at expense of person freedom

50
Q

Bureaucracy

A

a system where decisions are made by stat officials, more than elected officials

51
Q

Structural Adjustment Policy

A

Policy Based Loans

Very specific and unattainable rules

52
Q

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers

A

Replaced SAP’s
Boost Supply
Cut Demand

53
Q

Neo-Liberalism

A

Small Efficient State
Enabled Markets
Provides what markets will not
(Promoted by IMF and World Bank)

54
Q

Transnational Corporation

A

Investing outside of of country

lower unit labor cost=production/wadges

55
Q

Dependency Theory

A

Unequal exchange: rich suck the resources out of the poor

56
Q

Modernization Theory

A

Traditional to Modern
Linear
Social evolution
NO CAPITALISM

57
Q

Structuralism

A

Fitting into the world economy

58
Q

Human Development Index

A

-Life Expectancy
-Education
-Economic Growth
(Must choose to emphasis one but cannot do all)

59
Q

Import Substitution Industrialization

A

Many internal trade, less import, more exports

After GD, Latin America 95% of goods locally

60
Q

Comparative Advantage

A

David Recardo

Countries specialize in cost effective goods

61
Q

Imperialism

A

Dominance of a territory without actual control

62
Q

Neo-Colonialism

A

Reliance of colonial state on old colonial power (Politically, Economically, Socially)

63
Q

Charitable Inpulse

A

Impulse to give aid

64
Q

Private Aid

A

Private organizations providing aid

65
Q

Aid vs Charity

A
  • Singular aim of framework at its inception
  • Size of resources and organizations
  • Aid is political
66
Q

What is Aid

A

Transfer of resources
Concessional terms-softer terms given on loans
Grants or Concessional Loans
Must be:
-From official organizations
-Be 25% a grant
-Must be for economic and welfare development

67
Q

Development Assistance Committee (DAC)

A

Representatives of a ‘rich’ club that set outs rules

68
Q

Official Development Finance

A

A form of loan that is given, but is not aid because it is given at full market value

69
Q

Official Development Assistance

A

A form of loan/grant that is given to a country, but 1/4 of the money has to be a grant (For developing countries)

70
Q

Official Aid

A

A form of loan/grant that is given to a country, but 1/4 of the money has to be a grant (For middle income countries)

71
Q

Refugees and Aid

A

Taking in refugees now counts as aid

72
Q

Architecture of Aid

A
Multilateral Agencies (WTO, IMF, ect)
Bilateral Agencies (Facilitate Things between close governments)
Non-Governmental Organization
73
Q

Types of Aid

A
Project Aid
Program Aid
Technical Assistance
Humanitarian Aid
Military Aid
74
Q

6 Key Characteristics of Aid

A
Multilateral Organization have bulk of personnel and money
Bilateral political interconnections
Conditionality
Good Aid Should
-improve lives of people
-coordinated across agancies
-Be transparent
-flow through governments
Enforce Neo-Liberal appraoch
75
Q

Current Aid

A
  • Aid has gone up
  • China and Brazil are one of many new donors
  • Cash on delivery (Get paid when you do something good)
  • Randomized experiments (Form of evaluating where you compare two countries)
  • The geography of poverty has changed (A lot within developed countries)
  • The private sector delivers public sector aid
  • Aid does not go to the poorest people.
76
Q

Sustainable Development Goals

A

To Be Achieved by 2030

  • poverty reduction
  • ect