Which system does the following?
ensures sexual maturation of people
produces gametes
reproductive system
Male and female structures are derived from (common or UNcommon) developmental tissues and serve a common function in adults
common
serve a common function from developmental tissues
homologues
Primary sex organs are called
gonads
Female gametes are called
oocytes
Male gametes are called
sperm
Gonads produce which sex hormone in males?
androgens
Gonads produce which sex hormone in females?
estrogen and progesterone
How do sex hormones affect humans?
maturation
development
changes in the activity of the reproductive organs
_ are accessory reproductive organs that carry gametes away from the gonads toward the site of fertilization
duct systems
__ occurs when male and female gametes meet
fertilization
Reproductive system is __ until puberty
dormant
What are external sex characteristics that are prominent during puberty?
breast enlargement pubic hair reproductive organs become fully functional gametes mature gonads secrete sex hormones
Females release __ oocyte monthly
1
Males produce __ of sperm daily
100,000,000
Male gametes are stored for a short time, if they are not expelled from the body, they are reabsorbed.
True or False?
True
Name male and female organ that produces gametes and sex hormones?
male=testis
female=ovary
Name male and female organ that contains autonomic nervous sytem axons that stimulate arousal and sexual climax feelings
female=clitoris
male=glans of penis
Name male and female organ that protects and covers some reproductive strucures?
female=labia majora
male=scrotum
Name male and female organ that secretes mucus for lubrication?
female=vestibular glands
male=bulbourerthral glands
Peritoneum folds around various pelvic organs and creates two major __ or __
dead-end recesses or pouches
anterior vesicouterine pouch forms the space betwen the __ and the_
uterus and urinary bladder
posterior recouterine pouch forms from the space between the __ anteriorly and the __posteriorly
uterus anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly
Primary sex organs for the female is
ovaries
Accessory sex organs for the female are
uterine tubes uterus vagaina clitoris mammary glands
___is the maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte
Oogenesis
__ system conducts gases from the outside world and brings them into the lungs
Respiratory
Respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and a __ respiratory tract
lower
__ portion of respiratory system transports air ONLY. No exchange.
Conducting
The following are \_\_ portion of the respiratory system: nose nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea smaller airways primary bronchi bronchioles
conducting
__ portion of respiratory system carries out gas exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen:
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
respiratory
The smallest unit of the respiratory tract where gas exchange takes place
alveoli
The following are in the Upper or Lower Respiratory tract: sphenoidal sinus frontal sinus nasal cavity oral cavity pharynx
Upper
The following are in the Upper or Lower Respiratory tract: Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
Lower
AKA for breathing
Pulmonary ventilation
2 cyclic phases of pulmonary ventilation
Inhalation
exhalation
aka for inhalation
inspiration
aka for exhalation
expiration
_draws gases into the lungs
inhalation
_ forces gases out of the lungs
exhalation
Functions of Respiratory system (5)
Gas exchange Gas conditioning (warming it up) sound production olfaction defense
Respiratory epithelium is mostly composed of
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Respiratory epithelium functions in defense by
filter dust
macrophages
pick up bacteria and viruses and kill them off
Upper Respiratory tract is the __portion
A. Respiratory
B. Conducting
B. Conducting
Closes off the airway in the nose when swallowing
uvula
aka throat
pharynx
Superior portion of pharynx
nasopharynx
Middle portion of pharynx
oropharynx
Inferior portion of pharynx
laryngopharynx
close off the airway when swallow
epiglottis
Esophagus leads to which other organ?
stomach
voicebox
Larynx
3 parts of Larynx
epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called
Paranasal sinuses
Function of Paranasal sinus?
decrease skull bone weight
4 bones whee paranasal sinuses are housed?
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary
Lining of nasal cavity
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
aka throat
pharynx
common pathway for both food and air
pharynx, Laryngopharynx
Pharynx has flexible lateral walls that are distensible (stretch) in order to force food into esopagus.
True or False?
True
The nasopharynx auditory tubes connect to the __
middle ear
Single pharyngeal tonsil in nasopharynx
adenoids
Material from the oral cavity and orpharynx is typically blocked from entering the nasophayrnx by the __ which elevates when we swallow
soft palate
__contains 2 muscular arches: anterior palatoglossal arches and the posterior palatopharyngeal arch which form the entrance from the oral cavity
oropharynx
_ tonsils are on the lateral wall between arches in oropharynx
Palatine
Larynx lined with which epithelium? function?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Constantly replacing due to wear and tear
The Larynx forms the_wall in the Laryngopharynx
anterior
Sound production takes place in
Larynx
Larynx is supported by a framework of __ pieces of cartilage, __ individual pieces and __ cartilage pairs, that are held by ligaments and muscles
9
3
3
3 Unpaired cartilage that support Larynx
epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
3 paired cartilage that support Larynx
cuneiform cartilage
comiculate cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
Produce sound
A. True vocal cords
B. False vocal cords
A. True vocal cords
For sound production, inferior ligaments are called __ , covered by a mucous membrane called __
vocal ligaments
vocal folds
__are called vestibular ligaments, along with mucosa covering them are called the vestibular folds which are the __because they have no function in sound production but protect the vocal folds.
superior ligaments
false vocal cords
Vocal ligaments are:
A. True vocal cords
B. False vocal cords
A. True vocal cords
Frequency of sound waves
pitch
Pitch is determined by the tension or tautness of the
vocal folds
Increasing tension in vocal folds causes what kind of sound?
higher sound
Less taut vocal folds produce what kind of pitch?
lower
The amount of air passing through the __determines loudness. A lot of air produces a loud sound.
rima glottis
aka for windpipe
trachea
Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by __ to _ C-shaped tracheal cartilages
15 to 20
Cartilage rings reinforce and provide some __ to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open (patent) at all times
rigidity
cartilage rings in the trachea are connected by elastic sheets called
anular ligaments
Right primary bronchus goes in which direction
straight down
Why is the left primary bronchus at an angle?
make room for the heart
At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the __ and __
right and left primary bronchi
The most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin and forms an internal ridge called the
carina.
A bronchial tree is a A highly branched system of air-__passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi.
A. Respiratory
B. Conducting
C. Gas conditioning
D. All of the above
B. Conducting
Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before terminating in
terminal bronchioles.
Incomplete rings of __ cartilage support the walls of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
hyaline
_ primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the __ primary bronchus.
Right
left
Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the __primary bronchus.
right
The __ enter the hilum of each lung together with the pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
primary bronchi
Each primary bronchus then branches into several secondary bronchi called
lobar bronchi
The left lung has __ secondary bronchi since it has __ lobes.
two
two
The right lung has__ lobes and __secondary bronchi.
three
three
Each tertiary bronchus is called a __ because it supplies a part of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment.
segmental bronchus
alveoli are lined with __ to have efficient gas exchange
simple squamous epithelium
aka for apex of lung
capolla
Area where all the vessels (lymphatic, arteries, veins and nerves) are either entering or exiting
Hilum
visceral pleura
over the lung tissue
parietal pleura
outside of the lung
pleural cavity has serous fluid to
for minimal friction for the lungs
__nodes and vessels are located within the connective tissue of the lung as well as around the bronchi and pleura.
They collect carbon, dust particles, and pollutants that were not filtered out by the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Lymph nodes
__ of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity, while depression of the ribs __the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Elevation
decreases
The __ help increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.
scalenes
The ribs __ upon contraction of the external intercostals, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.
elevate
Contraction of the internal intercostals __ the ribs, but this only occurs during forced exhalation.
depresses
Normal exhalation requires __ muscular effort.
A. Active
B. No active
B. No active
A small __ extends across the inner surface of the thoracic cage and attaches to ribs 2–6. It helps depress the ribs.
transversus thoracis
Diaphragm contracts; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity increase and go __
down
Diaphragm relaxes; vertical dimension of thoracic cavity narrow and goes __which forces air out
up
When we breath in, diaphragm expands and goes __
down
When we breath out, diaphragm goes__causes a closure of decrease of of volume and forcing air out.
up
Boyle’s Law
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa.”
When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases even slightly during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure __ slightly, and air flows into the lungs through the conducting airways.
decreases
Air flows into the lungs from a region of higher pressure (the atmosphere) into a region of lower pressure _
the intrapulmonary region
When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure __ and forces air out of the lungs into the atmosphere
increases
The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are innervated by the __ system.
autonomic nervous
The autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart also send __ to the respiratory structures
branches
The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the __.
brainstem
Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the reticular formation through both the __ and __
medulla oblongata
pons
Functions of the Digestive System
Ingest Transport Digest Absorb Expel
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is composed of 2 separate categories of organs
digestive organs
accessory digestive organs.
AKA for Digestive tract
alimentary canal
The following are Accessory Digestive Organs or Digestive organs? parotid salivary gland teeth tongue sublingual salivary gland submandibular salivary gland liver gallbladder pancreas
Accessory Digestive Organs
The following are Accessory Digestive Organs or Digestive organs? oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach duodenum transverse colon ascending colon small intestine cecum sigmoid colon appendix rectum anal canal anus
Digestive organs
GI form a continuous tube that extends __ feet from mouth to anus
30
2 forms of digestion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
chewing and breaking food down and churning in the stomach is an example of
A. Mechanical digestion
B. Chemical digestion
A. Mechanical digestion
chemically digest food with
salivary amalayze, enzymes, acids
2 types of propulsion in the Digestive system
Peristalsis-THROUGHOUT GI SYSTEM, muscles contracting to move food through the system
Segmentation-SMALL INTESTINE with back and forth movement
Propulsion that moves food down the line
peristalsis
Propulsion that moves food back and forth
segmentation
tongue is made out of __ lined with __
skeletal muscle
lightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Tongue manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing and helps compress the partially digested materials against the palate to turn these materials into a
bolus
Volume of saliva secreted daily ranges between 1.0 and __
1.5 L
__ makes up 99% of the volume of saliva.
Water
Three pairs of large, multicellular salivary glands:
parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands
Largest salivary glands
Produce about 25–30% of the saliva, which is conducted through the parotid duct to the oral cavity
Parotid Glands
Inferior to the body of the mandible.
Produce most of the saliva (about 60–70%).
submandibular gland
Inferior to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity mucosa.
Contribute only about 3–5% of the total saliva
sublingual gland
Salivary gland have an __function. Patients that loose these glands have tooth decay
antimicrobial
1st step of chemical digestion
saliva
__in saliva breaks down carbohydrates
amylase
Saliva contains antibodies and an antibacterial element called __ that help inhibit bacterial growth in the oral cavity.
lysozyme
Saliva is watery medium into which food molecules are dissolved so__ receptors can be stimulated.
taste
aka teeth
dentition
A tooth has an exposed __
crown
Teeth has a constricted neck, and one or more roots that __ it the jaw.
anchor
Roots of the teeth fit tightly into __, which are sockets within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and the mandible.
dental alveoli
Collectively, the roots, the dental alveoli, and the periodontal ligament that binds the roots to the alveolar processes form a
gomphosis joint.
aka baby teeth
deciduous teeth
baby has __ teeth
20
how many permanente teeth
32
Central and lateral incisor teeth do?
cut
snip
canine teeth do
tearing
molar teeth do
grinding
GI has four concentric layers, called tunics.
From deep to superficial, these tunics are:
the mucosa
the submucosa
the muscularis
the adventitia or serosa
Muscularis layer of GI is made of __which allows persostalisis to take place
smooth muscle
These are fused double sheets of peritoneal membrane
Stabilize the position of organs
Stabilize the position of blood vessels
Provide the attachment of blood vessels going to and from the small intestine
Mesenteries
The mesentery that extends from the stomach and covers the rest of the abdominal organs on the anterior surface is the
greater omentum
The mesentery between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver is the
lesser omentum
The ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum are attached to the posterior abdominal wall via a fused mesentery called the
fusion fascia
The mesenteries associated with the stomach are called the __and __
greater and lesser omentum
The mesentery that extends from the inferior border of the stomach and drapes across the surface of the small intestine
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum extending from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver is the __ ligament
hepatogastric ligament
Extending from the pylorus/duodenum region to the liver is the __ ligament
hepatoduodenal ligament
3 phases of swalloing
- voluntary phase
- pharyngeal phase
- esopharyngeal phase
Which are the involuntary/automatic phases in swallowing? A. voluntary phase B. pharyngeal phase C. esopharyngeal phase D. B and C
D. B and C
pharyngeal and esopharyngeal
1st phase of swalloing A. voluntary phase B. pharyngeal phase C. esopharyngeal phase D. None of the above
A. voluntary phase
Use of tongue and skeletal muscles to form bolus and move toward oropharynx
Moves bolus from oropharynx to laryngeal opening A. voluntary phase B. pharyngeal phase C. esopharyngeal phase D. None of the above
B. pharyngeal phase
Esophageal muscle contracts and pushes bolus toward stomach A. voluntary phase B. pharyngeal phase C. esopharyngeal phase D. None of the above
C. esophageal phase
Fibromuscular sac of GI
stomach
3 layers of muscles in stomach
Outer longitudinal layer
Middle circular layer
Inner Oblique layer
visceral peritoneum
inner layer keeping intestines together
parietal peritoneum
outer layer keeping intestines together in one piece.
body of the stomach
cardia
pyloris aka
duodenum
opens and closes when food leaves the stomach
pyloric sphincter
In the stomach, surface mucous cells secrete
mucin
In the stomach, mucous neck cells secrete
alkaline mucin
In the stomach, parietal cells secrete (2)
hydochloric acid
intrinsic factor
In the stomach, chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
In the stomach, enteroendocrine cells secrete
gastrin
What is the function of mucous surface cells?
Produce mucus to protect the lining of the stomach
What is the function of gastric pits?
Produce cells to continuously replace lost stomach cells
What is the function of mucous neck cells?
Produce mucus to lubricate the food entering the stomach
What is the function of parietal cells?
secretes inrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
facilitates absorption of B12 from small intestine into the bloodstream, used for erythropoisesis (make red blood cells)
What is the function of hydrochloric acid?
kills microorganisms and activates pepsinogen
zymogen, inactivated enzyme (which is activated with hydrochloric acid) turns into pepsin for protein digestion
pepsinogen
What is function of enteroendocrine cells?
G cells produce hormone gastrin which causes parietal and chief cells to release their products.
Ingesed nutrients spends at least __ hours in the small intestine
12
food enters from the stomach
1st segment of the small intestine
duodenum
Middle region of the small intestine
About 7.5 feet in length
2/5 of small intestine’s total length
jejunum
last region of the small intestine
About 10.8 feet in length
finishes off the last bit of absorption and food goes to large intestine
ileum
primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption in small intestine
jejunum
causes the liver to begin making bile; causes the pancreas to release buffers into the duodenum because contents in stomach are acidic to neutralize pH
Secretin
causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes into the duodenum; causes the gallbladder to contract thus releasing stored bile into the duodenum
Cholecystokinin
emulsifier of fat
bile
1st part of large intestine
cecum
Cecum travels through which valve?
iliocecal valve
5 feet in length
absorbs most of the water and electrolytes
solidifies feces to defecate
absorbs small amount of nutrients
large intestine
4 segments of large intestine
cecum
colon
(ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid)
rectum
canal
wall of the colon that has pouches that allow for expansion
haustra
Longitudinal muscles in the large intestine called __ aid in the process of peristalsis
taeniae coli
The liver composed of four incompletely separated lobes and supported by two ligaments. Name them
Right lobe Left lobe Falciform ligament Round ligament Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe
Is liver a true digestive organ or an accessory digestive organ?
Accessory digestive organ
Which accessory organ produces bile?
liver
a greenish fluid that breaks down fats into small droplets to assist in their chemical digestion
bile
Functions of liver
Produce bile.
Detoxify drugs, metabolites, and poisons.
Store excess nutrients and vitamins and release them when they are needed.
Synthesize blood plasma proteins such as albumins, globulins, and proteins required for blood clotting.
Phagocytize debris in the blood.
Help break down and recycle components of aged erythrocytes and damaged or worn-out formed elements
Liver is made out of what kind of cells?
hepatocytes
Accessory digestive organ that concentrates bile produced by the liver and stores this concentrate until it is needed for digestion
gallbladder
accessory organ, __ ,connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct which can hold approximately 40 to 60 milliliters of concentrated bile
cystic duct
accessory organ: mixed gland because it exhibits both endocrine and exocrine functions
pancreas
In the pancreas, the endocrine functions are performed by the
pancreatic islets.
In the pancreas, the exocrine activity results in the secretion of digestive enzymes, collectively called __, into the duodenum.
pancreatic juice
Endocrine function of the pancreas secretes __ and __ to help balance sugar
insulin
glucagon
Pancreatic juice is in digestion of _, _, and _
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
two ducts that enter duodenum, common bile duct and main pancreatic duct which creates __ and enters the duodenum
hepatopancreatic ampulla of vader
network of thin ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
biliary apparatus
the left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the left and right __, respectively
hepatic ducts
the left and right hepatic ducts merge to form a single
common hepatic duct
the cystic duct attaches to the common hepatic duct and carries __ to and from the gallbladder
bile
Pathway of biliary apparatus
Bile flows through the biliary apparatus and pancreatic juice flows through the main pancreatic duct until the two vessels merge at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
- left and right hepatic ducts merge to form a common hepatic duct.
- common hepatic and cystic ducts merge to form a common bile duct.
- Pancreatic duct merges with common bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
- Bile and pancreatic juices enter duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
Which organ produces urine
kidneys
Transports urine from kidney toward the urinary bladder
ureter
temporarily stores urine prior to elimination
urinary bladder
conducts urine to exterior; in males, transports semen too
urethra
which kidney is going to be higher than the other
left is higher than the right to make room for liver
Is urinary tract retroperitoneal ?
yes
The __ filter waste products from the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine.
kidneys
The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are collectively known as the __because they transport the urine out of the body.
urinary tract
functions of the urinary system
Removing waste products
Storage of urine.
Excretion of urine.
Blood volume regulation.
Regulation of erythrocyte production.
the urinary bladder is an expandable, muscular sac that can store as much as 1__ of urine
Excretion of urine.
liter
the __ control the volume of interstitial fluid and blood under the direction of certain hormones
kidneys
as the __filter the blood, they are also indirectly measuring the oxygen level in the blood
kidneys
Urine exit pathway
renal medulla minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder urethra
Urine production pathway
blood enters renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Interlobular artery Afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta (justamedullary nephron) interlobular vein arcuate vein interlobar vein renal vein
smallest filtration unit of the kidney
nephron
Where urine is created
nephron
a renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a nephron loop, and a distal convoluted tubule and are collectively known as the
renal tubule
both kidneys house approximately _million nephrons.
2.5
In the kidney, the cells of the ___ actively reabsorb almost all nutrients (glucose and amino acids), electrolytes, and any plasma proteins from the tubular fluid.
proximal convoluted tubule
In the kidneys, approximately 60% to 65% of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed by
osmosis.
In the kidneys, the solutes and water are returned to the vascular system via the
peritubular capillaries
The nephron loop ,__, originates at a sharp bend in the proximal convoluted tubule and projects internally toward and into the medulla.
loop of Henle
Each loop of henle or nephron loop has two limbs.
descending limb
ascending limb
From the loop of henle, descending limb extends from the cortex toward and into the
medulla
From the loope of henle, ascending limb returns back to the
renal cortex
__ cells secrete ions such as potassium (K+) and acid (H+) into the tubular fluid.
Distal convoluted tubule
In the distal convoluted tubule, reabsorption of water also occurs here under the influence of two hormones, __and __
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.
If an individual is well hydrated, the collecting ducts simply transport the tubular fluid into the papillary duct and then into the
minor calyx.
The ureters are long, fibromuscular tubes, lined with __ that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
transitional epithelium
The __ is an expandable, muscular container that serves as a reservoir for urine. It is positioned immediately superior and posterior to the pubic symphysis.
urinary bladder
In females, the urinary bladder is in contact with the __posterosuperiorly and with the vagina posteroinferiorly.
uterus
In males, the urinary bladder is in contact with the __ posterosuperiorly and is immediately superior to the prostate gland.
rectum
The urinary bladder is a retroperitoneal organ.
True or False?
True
When urinary bladder is __, the urinary bladder exhibits an upside-down pyramidal shape.
empty
Filling the __with urine distends it superiorly until it assumes an oval shape.
urinary bladder
which of the following does NOT change shape?
A. Trigone
B. Transitional epithelium
A. Trigone
AKA for urination
micturition
Micturition is initiated by a complex sequence of events called the
micturition reflex
The bladder is supplied by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers of the __ nervous system.
autonomic
Fibromuscular tube that exits the urinary bladder through the urethral opening from its anteroinferior surface and conducts urine to the exterior of the body.
urethra
In the urethra, bundles of primarily __ fibers surround the mucosa and help propel urine to the outside of the body.
smooth muscle
The internal urethral sphincter is the __ ,superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the bladder, where the urethra originates.
A. Involuntary
B Voluntary
A. involuntary
The external urethral sphincter is inferior to the internal urethral sphincter and is formed by __ fibers of the urogenital diaphragm.
skeletal muscle
In the urethra, a voluntary sphincter controlled by the __nervous system
somatic
this is the muscle children learn to control when they become “toilet-trained”
externa urethral sphincter
A Female urethra has a __function and is __ to __ cm long
single
3-5
__ urethra has both a Urinary and reproductive functions.
a. Male
b. Female
c. both
a. Male
Male urethra is passageway for both __ and __
urine
semen
Male urethra is approximately __ to __centimeters long.
18 to 20
3 segments of male urethra
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
__ urethra is approximately 3 to 4 centimeters long and is the most dilatable portion of the urethra
extends through the prostate gland, immediately inferior to the male bladder, where multiple small prostatic ducts enter it
A. spongy
B. Membranous
C. Prostatic
C. prostatic
__ urethra is the shortest and least dilatable portion
extends from the inferior surface of the prostate gland through the urogenital diaphragm , shortest
A. spongy
B. Membranous
C. Prostatic
B. membranous
__ urethra is the longest part (15 centimeters)
encased within a cylinder of erectile tissue in the penis called the corpus spongiosum
extends to the external urethral orifice
A. spongy
B. Membranous
C. Prostatic
A. spongy
The process of oogenesis occurs in a female fetus __ birth. At this time, the ovary contains primordial germ cells called __, which are diploid cells, meaning they have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
before
oogonia
During the fetal period, the oogonia start the process of meiosis, but they are stopped at __. At this point, the cells are called primary oocytes.
prophase I.
At birth, the ovary of a female child is estimated to contain approximately 1.5 to 2 million __ within its cortex.
primordial follicles
The primary oocytes in the primordial follicles remain arrested in prophase I until after __
puberty.
At puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release __ and __
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
and
LH (luteinizing hormone)
The levels of FSH and LH vary in a cyclical pattern and produce a monthly __ cycle.
ovarian
The three phases of the __ cycle: are the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.
ovarian
Follicular phase occupies days __ to __ of an approximate 28-day ovarian cycle.
1 to 13
Ovulation occurs on day __of a 28-day ovarian cycle and is defined as the release of the secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle.
only one ovary ovulates each month
14
Luteal phase occurs during days _to _when the remaining follicle cells in the ruptured vesicular follicle turn into a corpus luteum.
15–28
During the __ phase, secretes progesterone and estrogen that stabilize and build up the uterine lining, and prepare for possible implantation of a fertilized oocyte
luteal
has a life span of about_to_ days if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized
10–13
If the oocyte is not fertilized it regresses and becomes a __
the uterine lining to be shed as menstruation
menarche
corpus albicans
The time when a woman is nearing menopause is called __.
estrogen levels begin to drop, irregular periods, skip some periods, or have very light periods
perimenopause
When a woman has stopped having monthly menstrual cycles for __ and is not pregnant, she is said to be in menopause.
1 year
follicles stop maturing, and significant amounts of estrogen and progesterone are no longer being secreted
menopause
The __ tubes, also called the fallopian tubes or oviducts, extend laterally from both sides of the uterus toward the ovaries.
uterine
In these __, the secondary oocyte is fertilized, and the pre-embryo begins to develop as it travels toward the uterus.
Fallopian tubes
Uterus 4 functions
Site for implantation
Supports, protects, and nourishes the developing embryo/fetus
Ejects the fetus at birth after maternal oxytocin levels increase to initiate the uterine contractions of labor.
Site for menstruation.
maternal __levels increase to initiate the uterine contractions of labor.
oxytocin
if an oocyte is not fertilized or after a baby is expelled, the muscular wall of the uterus __and __ its inner lining as menstruation
contracts and sheds
Uteral wall consists of 3 tunics
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
The outer tunic of most of the uterus is a serosa called the __which is continuous with the broad ligament
perimetrium
The myometrium is the thick, middle tunic of the uterine wall formed from three intertwining layers of __muscle.
smooth
The menstrual phase occurs approximately during days _ to _of the cycle. This phase is marked by sloughing of the functional layer and lasts through the period of menstrual bleeding.
1–5
The proliferative phase follows, spanning approximately days __ to __ The initial development of the functional layer of the endometrium overlaps the time of follicle growth and estrogen secretion.
6–14.
The last phase is the __phase, which occurs at approximately days 15–28. During the __ phase, increased progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum results in increased vascularization and development of uterine glands.
secretory
If the oocyte __ fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates, and the progesterone level drops dramatically.
A. is
B. is not
B. is not
Without __, the functional layer lining sloughs off, and the next menstrual phase begins.
progesterone
The vagina is a thick-walled, __ tube that forms the inferior-most region of the female reproductive tract and measures about 10 centimeters in length in an adult female.
fibromuscular
birth canal
copulatory organ
vagina
The vaginal wall is heavily invested with both blood vessels and __ vessels.
lymphatic
The vagina’s relatively thin, distensible wall consists of three tunics:
an inner mucosa, a middle muscularis, and an outer adventitia
The external sex organs of the female, are collectively called the __
vulva
The __ is an expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
__located at the anterior regions of the labia minora
glans. __−an external fold of the labia minora that forms a hoodlike covering over the clitoris.
clitoris
Prepuceis
In a__ woman (a woman who has given birth), the areola may change to a darker rose or brown color.
parous
At the same time, another muscle the _ relaxes to allow the testes to move inferiorly away from the body. The testes temperature becomes less than normal body temperature. The opposite occurs if the testes are too cold.
cremaster muscle
When sperm leave the epididymis, they enter the ductus deferens, also called the
vas deferens.
The ductus deferens is a thick-walled tube that travels within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, and within the pelvic cavity before it reaches the __gland.
prostate
The ampulla of the ductus deferens unites with the proximal region of the seminal vesicle to form the terminal portion of the reproductive duct system, called the
ejaculatory duct.
Urethra is subdivided into
prostatic urethra that extends through the prostate gland
membranous urethra that travels through the urogenital diaphragm
penile urethra that ends through the penis
The vagina has a highly acidic environment to prevent bacterial growth.
Sperm cannot survive in this type of environment, so an __ secretion called seminal fluid is needed to lessen the acidity of the vagina and bring pH values closer to neutral.
alkaline
The components of seminal fluid are produced by accessory glands:
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
paired vesicles
merges with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
secrete viscous white-yellow alkaline fluid w fructose and prostaglandins
seminal vesicles
The fructose is a sugar that nourishes the __ as they travel through the female reproductive tract, while the __ promote the widening and slight dilation of the external os of the cervix.
sperm
prostaglandins
located inferior to bladder
slightly milky fluid
rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, protstate-specific antigen (PSA)
prostate gland
citric acid is a nutrient for __ health
sperm
seminalplasmin is an __ that combats urinary tract infections
antibiotic
PSA acts as an __ to help liquefy semen following ejaculation
enzyme
aka for Cowper’s glands
bulbourethral glands
Cowper’s glands are located
within urogenital diaphragm on each side of urethra
Each __gland has a short duct that projects into the base of the penis and enters the spongy urethra.
bulbourethral
As a component of the seminal fluid, this _ protects the urethra and serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.
mucin
Seminal fluid from the accessory glands combines with sperm from the testes to make up
semen.
When released during intercourse, semen is called the ejaculate, and it is normally about 3 to 5 milliliters in volume and contains approximately 200 to 500 million
spermatozoa.
In a sexually active male, the average transit time of human spermatozoa—from their release into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, passage through the duct system, and appearance in the ejaculate—is about __
2 weeks.
Strainer for blood in urinary production
glomerulus
Nephron closer to medulla with longer loop
juxtamedullary nephron
Nephron closer to cortex with shorter loop
cortical nephron
trigone in urinary bladders consists of
ureter openings
internal urethral sphincter
__muscle in urinary bladder for the internal urethral spinchter
detrusor
__muscle in urinary bladder for external sphincter
skeletal
within the cortex are __ of ovarian follicles
1000s
aka for follicle cells
granulosa cells
nurse cells that support oocyte
follicle/granulosa cells
Where sperm is produced
seminiferous tubule
oropharynx contains 2 muscular arches
anterior palatoglossal arches
posterior palatopharyngeal arch
form the entrance from the oral cavity