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1
Q

Which system does the following?
ensures sexual maturation of people
produces gametes

A

reproductive system

2
Q

Male and female structures are derived from (common or UNcommon) developmental tissues and serve a common function in adults

A

common

3
Q

serve a common function from developmental tissues

A

homologues

4
Q

Primary sex organs are called

A

gonads

5
Q

Female gametes are called

A

oocytes

6
Q

Male gametes are called

A

sperm

7
Q

Gonads produce which sex hormone in males?

A

androgens

8
Q

Gonads produce which sex hormone in females?

A

estrogen and progesterone

9
Q

How do sex hormones affect humans?

A

maturation
development
changes in the activity of the reproductive organs

10
Q

_ are accessory reproductive organs that carry gametes away from the gonads toward the site of fertilization

A

duct systems

11
Q

__ occurs when male and female gametes meet

A

fertilization

12
Q

Reproductive system is __ until puberty

A

dormant

13
Q

What are external sex characteristics that are prominent during puberty?

A
breast enlargement
pubic hair
reproductive organs become fully functional
gametes mature
gonads secrete sex hormones
14
Q

Females release __ oocyte monthly

A

1

15
Q

Males produce __ of sperm daily

A

100,000,000

16
Q

Male gametes are stored for a short time, if they are not expelled from the body, they are reabsorbed.
True or False?

A

True

17
Q

Name male and female organ that produces gametes and sex hormones?

A

male=testis

female=ovary

18
Q

Name male and female organ that contains autonomic nervous sytem axons that stimulate arousal and sexual climax feelings

A

female=clitoris

male=glans of penis

19
Q

Name male and female organ that protects and covers some reproductive strucures?

A

female=labia majora

male=scrotum

20
Q

Name male and female organ that secretes mucus for lubrication?

A

female=vestibular glands

male=bulbourerthral glands

21
Q

Peritoneum folds around various pelvic organs and creates two major __ or __

A

dead-end recesses or pouches

22
Q

anterior vesicouterine pouch forms the space betwen the __ and the_

A

uterus and urinary bladder

23
Q

posterior recouterine pouch forms from the space between the __ anteriorly and the __posteriorly

A

uterus anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly

24
Q

Primary sex organs for the female is

A

ovaries

25
Q

Accessory sex organs for the female are

A
uterine tubes
uterus
vagaina
clitoris
mammary glands
26
Q

___is the maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte

A

Oogenesis

27
Q

__ system conducts gases from the outside world and brings them into the lungs

A

Respiratory

28
Q

Respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and a __ respiratory tract

A

lower

29
Q

__ portion of respiratory system transports air ONLY. No exchange.

A

Conducting

30
Q
The following are \_\_ portion of the respiratory system:
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
smaller airways
primary bronchi
bronchioles
A

conducting

31
Q

__ portion of respiratory system carries out gas exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen:
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli

A

respiratory

32
Q

The smallest unit of the respiratory tract where gas exchange takes place

A

alveoli

33
Q
The following are in the Upper or Lower Respiratory tract:
sphenoidal sinus
frontal sinus
nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharynx
A

Upper

34
Q
The following are in the Upper or Lower Respiratory tract:
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
A

Lower

35
Q

AKA for breathing

A

Pulmonary ventilation

36
Q

2 cyclic phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

Inhalation

exhalation

37
Q

aka for inhalation

A

inspiration

38
Q

aka for exhalation

A

expiration

39
Q

_draws gases into the lungs

A

inhalation

40
Q

_ forces gases out of the lungs

A

exhalation

41
Q

Functions of Respiratory system (5)

A
Gas exchange
Gas conditioning (warming it up)
sound production
olfaction
defense
42
Q

Respiratory epithelium is mostly composed of

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

43
Q

Respiratory epithelium functions in defense by

A

filter dust
macrophages
pick up bacteria and viruses and kill them off

44
Q

Upper Respiratory tract is the __portion
A. Respiratory
B. Conducting

A

B. Conducting

45
Q

Closes off the airway in the nose when swallowing

A

uvula

46
Q

aka throat

A

pharynx

47
Q

Superior portion of pharynx

A

nasopharynx

48
Q

Middle portion of pharynx

A

oropharynx

49
Q

Inferior portion of pharynx

A

laryngopharynx

50
Q

close off the airway when swallow

A

epiglottis

51
Q

Esophagus leads to which other organ?

A

stomach

52
Q

voicebox

A

Larynx

53
Q

3 parts of Larynx

A

epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

54
Q

Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called

A

Paranasal sinuses

55
Q

Function of Paranasal sinus?

A

decrease skull bone weight

56
Q

4 bones whee paranasal sinuses are housed?

A

frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary

57
Q

Lining of nasal cavity

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

58
Q

aka throat

A

pharynx

59
Q

common pathway for both food and air

A

pharynx, Laryngopharynx

60
Q

Pharynx has flexible lateral walls that are distensible (stretch) in order to force food into esopagus.
True or False?

A

True

61
Q

The nasopharynx auditory tubes connect to the __

A

middle ear

62
Q

Single pharyngeal tonsil in nasopharynx

A

adenoids

63
Q

Material from the oral cavity and orpharynx is typically blocked from entering the nasophayrnx by the __ which elevates when we swallow

A

soft palate

64
Q

__contains 2 muscular arches: anterior palatoglossal arches and the posterior palatopharyngeal arch which form the entrance from the oral cavity

A

oropharynx

65
Q

_ tonsils are on the lateral wall between arches in oropharynx

A

Palatine

66
Q

Larynx lined with which epithelium? function?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Constantly replacing due to wear and tear

67
Q

The Larynx forms the_wall in the Laryngopharynx

A

anterior

68
Q

Sound production takes place in

A

Larynx

69
Q

Larynx is supported by a framework of __ pieces of cartilage, __ individual pieces and __ cartilage pairs, that are held by ligaments and muscles

A

9
3
3

70
Q

3 Unpaired cartilage that support Larynx

A

epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage

71
Q

3 paired cartilage that support Larynx

A

cuneiform cartilage
comiculate cartilage
arytenoid cartilage

72
Q

Produce sound
A. True vocal cords
B. False vocal cords

A

A. True vocal cords

73
Q

For sound production, inferior ligaments are called __ , covered by a mucous membrane called __

A

vocal ligaments

vocal folds

74
Q

__are called vestibular ligaments, along with mucosa covering them are called the vestibular folds which are the __because they have no function in sound production but protect the vocal folds.

A

superior ligaments

false vocal cords

75
Q

Vocal ligaments are:
A. True vocal cords
B. False vocal cords

A

A. True vocal cords

76
Q

Frequency of sound waves

A

pitch

77
Q

Pitch is determined by the tension or tautness of the

A

vocal folds

78
Q

Increasing tension in vocal folds causes what kind of sound?

A

higher sound

79
Q

Less taut vocal folds produce what kind of pitch?

A

lower

80
Q

The amount of air passing through the __determines loudness. A lot of air produces a loud sound.

A

rima glottis

81
Q

aka for windpipe

A

trachea

82
Q

Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by __ to _ C-shaped tracheal cartilages

A

15 to 20

83
Q

Cartilage rings reinforce and provide some __ to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open (patent) at all times

A

rigidity

84
Q

cartilage rings in the trachea are connected by elastic sheets called

A

anular ligaments

85
Q

Right primary bronchus goes in which direction

A

straight down

86
Q

Why is the left primary bronchus at an angle?

A

make room for the heart

87
Q

At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the __ and __

A

right and left primary bronchi

88
Q

The most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin and forms an internal ridge called the

A

carina.

89
Q

A bronchial tree is a A highly branched system of air-__passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi.

A. Respiratory
B. Conducting
C. Gas conditioning
D. All of the above

A

B. Conducting

90
Q

Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before terminating in

A

terminal bronchioles.

91
Q

Incomplete rings of __ cartilage support the walls of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.

A

hyaline

92
Q

_ primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the __ primary bronchus.

A

Right

left

93
Q

Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the __primary bronchus.

A

right

94
Q

The __ enter the hilum of each lung together with the pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

A

primary bronchi

95
Q

Each primary bronchus then branches into several secondary bronchi called

A

lobar bronchi

96
Q

The left lung has __ secondary bronchi since it has __ lobes.

A

two

two

97
Q

The right lung has__ lobes and __secondary bronchi.

A

three

three

98
Q

Each tertiary bronchus is called a __ because it supplies a part of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment.

A

segmental bronchus

99
Q

alveoli are lined with __ to have efficient gas exchange

A

simple squamous epithelium

100
Q

aka for apex of lung

A

capolla

101
Q

Area where all the vessels (lymphatic, arteries, veins and nerves) are either entering or exiting

A

Hilum

102
Q

visceral pleura

A

over the lung tissue

103
Q

parietal pleura

A

outside of the lung

104
Q

pleural cavity has serous fluid to

A

for minimal friction for the lungs

105
Q

__nodes and vessels are located within the connective tissue of the lung as well as around the bronchi and pleura.
They collect carbon, dust particles, and pollutants that were not filtered out by the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

A

Lymph nodes

106
Q

__ of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity, while depression of the ribs __the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

A

Elevation

decreases

107
Q

The __ help increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.

A

scalenes

108
Q

The ribs __ upon contraction of the external intercostals, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

A

elevate

109
Q

Contraction of the internal intercostals __ the ribs, but this only occurs during forced exhalation.

A

depresses

110
Q

Normal exhalation requires __ muscular effort.
A. Active
B. No active

A

B. No active

111
Q

A small __ extends across the inner surface of the thoracic cage and attaches to ribs 2–6. It helps depress the ribs.

A

transversus thoracis

112
Q

Diaphragm contracts; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity increase and go __

A

down

113
Q

Diaphragm relaxes; vertical dimension of thoracic cavity narrow and goes __which forces air out

A

up

114
Q

When we breath in, diaphragm expands and goes __

A

down

115
Q

When we breath out, diaphragm goes__causes a closure of decrease of of volume and forcing air out.

A

up

116
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa.”

117
Q

When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases even slightly during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure __ slightly, and air flows into the lungs through the conducting airways.

A

decreases

118
Q

Air flows into the lungs from a region of higher pressure (the atmosphere) into a region of lower pressure _

A

the intrapulmonary region

119
Q

When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure __ and forces air out of the lungs into the atmosphere

A

increases

120
Q

The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are innervated by the __ system.

A

autonomic nervous

121
Q

The autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart also send __ to the respiratory structures

A

branches

122
Q

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the __.

A

brainstem

123
Q

Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the reticular formation through both the __ and __

A

medulla oblongata

pons

124
Q

Functions of the Digestive System

A
Ingest  
Transport 
Digest 
Absorb 
Expel
125
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is composed of 2 separate categories of organs

A

digestive organs

accessory digestive organs.

126
Q

AKA for Digestive tract

A

alimentary canal

127
Q
The following are Accessory Digestive Organs or Digestive organs?
parotid salivary gland
teeth
tongue
sublingual salivary gland
submandibular salivary gland
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
A

Accessory Digestive Organs

128
Q
The following are Accessory Digestive Organs or Digestive organs?
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
transverse colon
ascending colon
small intestine
cecum
sigmoid colon
appendix
rectum
anal canal
anus
A

Digestive organs

129
Q

GI form a continuous tube that extends __ feet from mouth to anus

A

30

130
Q

2 forms of digestion

A

mechanical digestion

chemical digestion

131
Q

chewing and breaking food down and churning in the stomach is an example of
A. Mechanical digestion
B. Chemical digestion

A

A. Mechanical digestion

132
Q

chemically digest food with

A

salivary amalayze, enzymes, acids

133
Q

2 types of propulsion in the Digestive system

A

Peristalsis-THROUGHOUT GI SYSTEM, muscles contracting to move food through the system

Segmentation-SMALL INTESTINE with back and forth movement

134
Q

Propulsion that moves food down the line

A

peristalsis

135
Q

Propulsion that moves food back and forth

A

segmentation

136
Q

tongue is made out of __ lined with __

A

skeletal muscle

lightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

137
Q

Tongue manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing and helps compress the partially digested materials against the palate to turn these materials into a

A

bolus

138
Q

Volume of saliva secreted daily ranges between 1.0 and __

A

1.5 L

139
Q

__ makes up 99% of the volume of saliva.

A

Water

140
Q

Three pairs of large, multicellular salivary glands:

A

parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands

141
Q

Largest salivary glands

Produce about 25–30% of the saliva, which is conducted through the parotid duct to the oral cavity

A

Parotid Glands

142
Q

Inferior to the body of the mandible.

Produce most of the saliva (about 60–70%).

A

submandibular gland

143
Q

Inferior to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity mucosa.

Contribute only about 3–5% of the total saliva

A

sublingual gland

144
Q

Salivary gland have an __function. Patients that loose these glands have tooth decay

A

antimicrobial

145
Q

1st step of chemical digestion

A

saliva

146
Q

__in saliva breaks down carbohydrates

A

amylase

147
Q

Saliva contains antibodies and an antibacterial element called __ that help inhibit bacterial growth in the oral cavity.

A

lysozyme

148
Q

Saliva is watery medium into which food molecules are dissolved so__ receptors can be stimulated.

A

taste

149
Q

aka teeth

A

dentition

150
Q

A tooth has an exposed __

A

crown

151
Q

Teeth has a constricted neck, and one or more roots that __ it the jaw.

A

anchor

152
Q

Roots of the teeth fit tightly into __, which are sockets within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and the mandible.

A

dental alveoli

153
Q

Collectively, the roots, the dental alveoli, and the periodontal ligament that binds the roots to the alveolar processes form a

A

gomphosis joint.

154
Q

aka baby teeth

A

deciduous teeth

155
Q

baby has __ teeth

A

20

156
Q

how many permanente teeth

A

32

157
Q

Central and lateral incisor teeth do?

A

cut

snip

158
Q

canine teeth do

A

tearing

159
Q

molar teeth do

A

grinding

160
Q

GI has four concentric layers, called tunics.

From deep to superficial, these tunics are:

A

the mucosa
the submucosa
the muscularis
the adventitia or serosa

161
Q

Muscularis layer of GI is made of __which allows persostalisis to take place

A

smooth muscle

162
Q

These are fused double sheets of peritoneal membrane
Stabilize the position of organs
Stabilize the position of blood vessels
Provide the attachment of blood vessels going to and from the small intestine

A

Mesenteries

163
Q

The mesentery that extends from the stomach and covers the rest of the abdominal organs on the anterior surface is the

A

greater omentum

164
Q

The mesentery between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver is the

A

lesser omentum

165
Q

The ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum are attached to the posterior abdominal wall via a fused mesentery called the

A

fusion fascia

166
Q

The mesenteries associated with the stomach are called the __and __

A

greater and lesser omentum

167
Q

The mesentery that extends from the inferior border of the stomach and drapes across the surface of the small intestine

A

Greater omentum

168
Q

Lesser omentum extending from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver is the __ ligament

A

hepatogastric ligament

169
Q

Extending from the pylorus/duodenum region to the liver is the __ ligament

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

170
Q

3 phases of swalloing

A
  1. voluntary phase
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. esopharyngeal phase
171
Q
Which are the involuntary/automatic phases in swallowing?
A. voluntary phase
B. pharyngeal phase
C. esopharyngeal phase
D. B and C
A

D. B and C

pharyngeal and esopharyngeal

172
Q
1st phase of swalloing
A. voluntary phase
B. pharyngeal phase
C. esopharyngeal phase
D. None of the above
A

A. voluntary phase

Use of tongue and skeletal muscles to form bolus and move toward oropharynx

173
Q
Moves bolus from oropharynx to laryngeal opening
A. voluntary phase
B. pharyngeal phase
C. esopharyngeal phase
D. None of the above
A

B. pharyngeal phase

174
Q
Esophageal muscle contracts and pushes bolus toward stomach
A. voluntary phase
B. pharyngeal phase
C. esopharyngeal phase
D. None of the above
A

C. esophageal phase

175
Q

Fibromuscular sac of GI

A

stomach

176
Q

3 layers of muscles in stomach

A

Outer longitudinal layer

Middle circular layer

Inner Oblique layer

177
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

inner layer keeping intestines together

178
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

outer layer keeping intestines together in one piece.

179
Q

body of the stomach

A

cardia

180
Q

pyloris aka

A

duodenum

181
Q

opens and closes when food leaves the stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

182
Q

In the stomach, surface mucous cells secrete

A

mucin

183
Q

In the stomach, mucous neck cells secrete

A

alkaline mucin

184
Q

In the stomach, parietal cells secrete (2)

A

hydochloric acid

intrinsic factor

185
Q

In the stomach, chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

186
Q

In the stomach, enteroendocrine cells secrete

A

gastrin

187
Q

What is the function of mucous surface cells?

A

Produce mucus to protect the lining of the stomach

188
Q

What is the function of gastric pits?

A

Produce cells to continuously replace lost stomach cells

189
Q

What is the function of mucous neck cells?

A

Produce mucus to lubricate the food entering the stomach

190
Q

What is the function of parietal cells?

A

secretes inrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

191
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

facilitates absorption of B12 from small intestine into the bloodstream, used for erythropoisesis (make red blood cells)

192
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid?

A

kills microorganisms and activates pepsinogen

193
Q

zymogen, inactivated enzyme (which is activated with hydrochloric acid) turns into pepsin for protein digestion

A

pepsinogen

194
Q

What is function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

G cells produce hormone gastrin which causes parietal and chief cells to release their products.

195
Q

Ingesed nutrients spends at least __ hours in the small intestine

A

12

196
Q

food enters from the stomach

1st segment of the small intestine

A

duodenum

197
Q

Middle region of the small intestine

About 7.5 feet in length

2/5 of small intestine’s total length

A

jejunum

198
Q

last region of the small intestine

About 10.8 feet in length

finishes off the last bit of absorption and food goes to large intestine

A

ileum

199
Q

primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption in small intestine

A

jejunum

200
Q

causes the liver to begin making bile; causes the pancreas to release buffers into the duodenum because contents in stomach are acidic to neutralize pH

A

Secretin

201
Q

causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes into the duodenum; causes the gallbladder to contract thus releasing stored bile into the duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin

202
Q

emulsifier of fat

A

bile

203
Q

1st part of large intestine

A

cecum

204
Q

Cecum travels through which valve?

A

iliocecal valve

205
Q

5 feet in length

absorbs most of the water and electrolytes

solidifies feces to defecate

absorbs small amount of nutrients

A

large intestine

206
Q

4 segments of large intestine

A

cecum

colon
(ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid)

rectum

canal

207
Q

wall of the colon that has pouches that allow for expansion

A

haustra

208
Q

Longitudinal muscles in the large intestine called __ aid in the process of peristalsis

A

taeniae coli

209
Q

The liver composed of four incompletely separated lobes and supported by two ligaments. Name them

A
Right lobe 
Left lobe
Falciform ligament
Round ligament 
Caudate lobe  
Quadrate lobe
210
Q

Is liver a true digestive organ or an accessory digestive organ?

A

Accessory digestive organ

211
Q

Which accessory organ produces bile?

A

liver

212
Q

a greenish fluid that breaks down fats into small droplets to assist in their chemical digestion

A

bile

213
Q

Functions of liver

A

Produce bile.
Detoxify drugs, metabolites, and poisons.

Store excess nutrients and vitamins and release them when they are needed.

Synthesize blood plasma proteins such as albumins, globulins, and proteins required for blood clotting.

Phagocytize debris in the blood.

Help break down and recycle components of aged erythrocytes and damaged or worn-out formed elements

214
Q

Liver is made out of what kind of cells?

A

hepatocytes

215
Q

Accessory digestive organ that concentrates bile produced by the liver and stores this concentrate until it is needed for digestion

A

gallbladder

216
Q

accessory organ, __ ,connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct which can hold approximately 40 to 60 milliliters of concentrated bile

A

cystic duct

217
Q

accessory organ: mixed gland because it exhibits both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

pancreas

218
Q

In the pancreas, the endocrine functions are performed by the

A

pancreatic islets.

219
Q

In the pancreas, the exocrine activity results in the secretion of digestive enzymes, collectively called __, into the duodenum.

A

pancreatic juice

220
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas secretes __ and __ to help balance sugar

A

insulin

glucagon

221
Q

Pancreatic juice is in digestion of _, _, and _

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

222
Q

two ducts that enter duodenum, common bile duct and main pancreatic duct which creates __ and enters the duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla of vader

223
Q

network of thin ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

A

biliary apparatus

224
Q

the left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the left and right __, respectively

A

hepatic ducts

225
Q

the left and right hepatic ducts merge to form a single

A

common hepatic duct

226
Q

the cystic duct attaches to the common hepatic duct and carries __ to and from the gallbladder

A

bile

227
Q

Pathway of biliary apparatus

A

Bile flows through the biliary apparatus and pancreatic juice flows through the main pancreatic duct until the two vessels merge at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

  1. left and right hepatic ducts merge to form a common hepatic duct.
  2. common hepatic and cystic ducts merge to form a common bile duct.
  3. Pancreatic duct merges with common bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
  4. Bile and pancreatic juices enter duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
228
Q

Which organ produces urine

A

kidneys

229
Q

Transports urine from kidney toward the urinary bladder

A

ureter

230
Q

temporarily stores urine prior to elimination

A

urinary bladder

231
Q

conducts urine to exterior; in males, transports semen too

A

urethra

232
Q

which kidney is going to be higher than the other

A

left is higher than the right to make room for liver

233
Q

Is urinary tract retroperitoneal ?

A

yes

234
Q

The __ filter waste products from the bloodstream and convert the filtrate into urine.

A

kidneys

235
Q

The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra are collectively known as the __because they transport the urine out of the body.

A

urinary tract

236
Q

functions of the urinary system

A

Removing waste products

Storage of urine.

Excretion of urine.

Blood volume regulation.

Regulation of erythrocyte production.

237
Q

the urinary bladder is an expandable, muscular sac that can store as much as 1__ of urine
Excretion of urine.

A

liter

238
Q

the __ control the volume of interstitial fluid and blood under the direction of certain hormones

A

kidneys

239
Q

as the __filter the blood, they are also indirectly measuring the oxygen level in the blood

A

kidneys

240
Q

Urine exit pathway

A
renal medulla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
241
Q

Urine production pathway

A
blood enters renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta (justamedullary nephron)
interlobular vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein
242
Q

smallest filtration unit of the kidney

A

nephron

243
Q

Where urine is created

A

nephron

244
Q

a renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a nephron loop, and a distal convoluted tubule and are collectively known as the

A

renal tubule

245
Q

both kidneys house approximately _million nephrons.

A

2.5

246
Q

In the kidney, the cells of the ___ actively reabsorb almost all nutrients (glucose and amino acids), electrolytes, and any plasma proteins from the tubular fluid.

A

proximal convoluted tubule

247
Q

In the kidneys, approximately 60% to 65% of the water in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed by

A

osmosis.

248
Q

In the kidneys, the solutes and water are returned to the vascular system via the

A

peritubular capillaries

249
Q

The nephron loop ,__, originates at a sharp bend in the proximal convoluted tubule and projects internally toward and into the medulla.

A

loop of Henle

250
Q

Each loop of henle or nephron loop has two limbs.

A

descending limb

ascending limb

251
Q

From the loop of henle, descending limb extends from the cortex toward and into the

A

medulla

252
Q

From the loope of henle, ascending limb returns back to the

A

renal cortex

253
Q

__ cells secrete ions such as potassium (K+) and acid (H+) into the tubular fluid.

A

Distal convoluted tubule

254
Q

In the distal convoluted tubule, reabsorption of water also occurs here under the influence of two hormones, __and __

A

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

255
Q

If an individual is well hydrated, the collecting ducts simply transport the tubular fluid into the papillary duct and then into the

A

minor calyx.

256
Q

The ureters are long, fibromuscular tubes, lined with __ that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

A

transitional epithelium

257
Q

The __ is an expandable, muscular container that serves as a reservoir for urine. It is positioned immediately superior and posterior to the pubic symphysis.

A

urinary bladder

258
Q

In females, the urinary bladder is in contact with the __posterosuperiorly and with the vagina posteroinferiorly.

A

uterus

259
Q

In males, the urinary bladder is in contact with the __ posterosuperiorly and is immediately superior to the prostate gland.

A

rectum

260
Q

The urinary bladder is a retroperitoneal organ.

True or False?

A

True

261
Q

When urinary bladder is __, the urinary bladder exhibits an upside-down pyramidal shape.

A

empty

262
Q

Filling the __with urine distends it superiorly until it assumes an oval shape.

A

urinary bladder

263
Q

which of the following does NOT change shape?
A. Trigone
B. Transitional epithelium

A

A. Trigone

264
Q

AKA for urination

A

micturition

265
Q

Micturition is initiated by a complex sequence of events called the

A

micturition reflex

266
Q

The bladder is supplied by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers of the __ nervous system.

A

autonomic

267
Q

Fibromuscular tube that exits the urinary bladder through the urethral opening from its anteroinferior surface and conducts urine to the exterior of the body.

A

urethra

268
Q

In the urethra, bundles of primarily __ fibers surround the mucosa and help propel urine to the outside of the body.

A

smooth muscle

269
Q

The internal urethral sphincter is the __ ,superior sphincter surrounding the neck of the bladder, where the urethra originates.
A. Involuntary
B Voluntary

A

A. involuntary

270
Q

The external urethral sphincter is inferior to the internal urethral sphincter and is formed by __ fibers of the urogenital diaphragm.

A

skeletal muscle

271
Q

In the urethra, a voluntary sphincter controlled by the __nervous system

A

somatic

272
Q

this is the muscle children learn to control when they become “toilet-trained”

A

externa urethral sphincter

273
Q

A Female urethra has a __function and is __ to __ cm long

A

single

3-5

274
Q

__ urethra has both a Urinary and reproductive functions.

a. Male
b. Female
c. both

A

a. Male

275
Q

Male urethra is passageway for both __ and __

A

urine

semen

276
Q

Male urethra is approximately __ to __centimeters long.

A

18 to 20

277
Q

3 segments of male urethra

A

prostatic urethra

membranous urethra

spongy urethra

278
Q

__ urethra is approximately 3 to 4 centimeters long and is the most dilatable portion of the urethra
extends through the prostate gland, immediately inferior to the male bladder, where multiple small prostatic ducts enter it
A. spongy
B. Membranous
C. Prostatic

A

C. prostatic

279
Q

__ urethra is the shortest and least dilatable portion
extends from the inferior surface of the prostate gland through the urogenital diaphragm , shortest
A. spongy
B. Membranous
C. Prostatic

A

B. membranous

280
Q

__ urethra is the longest part (15 centimeters)
encased within a cylinder of erectile tissue in the penis called the corpus spongiosum
extends to the external urethral orifice
A. spongy
B. Membranous
C. Prostatic

A

A. spongy

281
Q

The process of oogenesis occurs in a female fetus __ birth. At this time, the ovary contains primordial germ cells called __, which are diploid cells, meaning they have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

A

before

oogonia

282
Q

During the fetal period, the oogonia start the process of meiosis, but they are stopped at __. At this point, the cells are called primary oocytes.

A

prophase I.

283
Q

At birth, the ovary of a female child is estimated to contain approximately 1.5 to 2 million __ within its cortex.

A

primordial follicles

284
Q

The primary oocytes in the primordial follicles remain arrested in prophase I until after __

A

puberty.

285
Q

At puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release __ and __

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
and
LH (luteinizing hormone)

286
Q

The levels of FSH and LH vary in a cyclical pattern and produce a monthly __ cycle.

A

ovarian

287
Q

The three phases of the __ cycle: are the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.

A

ovarian

288
Q

Follicular phase occupies days __ to __ of an approximate 28-day ovarian cycle.

A

1 to 13

289
Q

Ovulation occurs on day __of a 28-day ovarian cycle and is defined as the release of the secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle.
only one ovary ovulates each month

A

14

290
Q

Luteal phase occurs during days _to _when the remaining follicle cells in the ruptured vesicular follicle turn into a corpus luteum.

A

15–28

291
Q

During the __ phase, secretes progesterone and estrogen that stabilize and build up the uterine lining, and prepare for possible implantation of a fertilized oocyte

A

luteal

292
Q

has a life span of about_to_ days if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized

A

10–13

293
Q

If the oocyte is not fertilized it regresses and becomes a __
the uterine lining to be shed as menstruation
menarche

A

corpus albicans

294
Q

The time when a woman is nearing menopause is called __.

estrogen levels begin to drop, irregular periods, skip some periods, or have very light periods

A

perimenopause

295
Q

When a woman has stopped having monthly menstrual cycles for __ and is not pregnant, she is said to be in menopause.

A

1 year

296
Q

follicles stop maturing, and significant amounts of estrogen and progesterone are no longer being secreted

A

menopause

297
Q

The __ tubes, also called the fallopian tubes or oviducts, extend laterally from both sides of the uterus toward the ovaries.

A

uterine

298
Q

In these __, the secondary oocyte is fertilized, and the pre-embryo begins to develop as it travels toward the uterus.

A

Fallopian tubes

299
Q

Uterus 4 functions

A

Site for implantation

Supports, protects, and nourishes the developing embryo/fetus

Ejects the fetus at birth after maternal oxytocin levels increase to initiate the uterine contractions of labor.

Site for menstruation.

300
Q

maternal __levels increase to initiate the uterine contractions of labor.

A

oxytocin

301
Q

if an oocyte is not fertilized or after a baby is expelled, the muscular wall of the uterus __and __ its inner lining as menstruation

A

contracts and sheds

302
Q

Uteral wall consists of 3 tunics

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

303
Q

The outer tunic of most of the uterus is a serosa called the __which is continuous with the broad ligament

A

perimetrium

304
Q

The myometrium is the thick, middle tunic of the uterine wall formed from three intertwining layers of __muscle.

A

smooth

305
Q

The menstrual phase occurs approximately during days _ to _of the cycle. This phase is marked by sloughing of the functional layer and lasts through the period of menstrual bleeding.

A

1–5

306
Q

The proliferative phase follows, spanning approximately days __ to __ The initial development of the functional layer of the endometrium overlaps the time of follicle growth and estrogen secretion.

A

6–14.

307
Q

The last phase is the __phase, which occurs at approximately days 15–28. During the __ phase, increased progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum results in increased vascularization and development of uterine glands.

A

secretory

308
Q

If the oocyte __ fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates, and the progesterone level drops dramatically.
A. is
B. is not

A

B. is not

309
Q

Without __, the functional layer lining sloughs off, and the next menstrual phase begins.

A

progesterone

310
Q

The vagina is a thick-walled, __ tube that forms the inferior-most region of the female reproductive tract and measures about 10 centimeters in length in an adult female.

A

fibromuscular

311
Q

birth canal

copulatory organ

A

vagina

312
Q

The vaginal wall is heavily invested with both blood vessels and __ vessels.

A

lymphatic

313
Q

The vagina’s relatively thin, distensible wall consists of three tunics:

A

an inner mucosa, a middle muscularis, and an outer adventitia

314
Q

The external sex organs of the female, are collectively called the __

A

vulva

315
Q

The __ is an expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

316
Q

__located at the anterior regions of the labia minora

glans. __−an external fold of the labia minora that forms a hoodlike covering over the clitoris.

A

clitoris

Prepuceis

317
Q

In a__ woman (a woman who has given birth), the areola may change to a darker rose or brown color.

A

parous

318
Q

At the same time, another muscle the _ relaxes to allow the testes to move inferiorly away from the body. The testes temperature becomes less than normal body temperature. The opposite occurs if the testes are too cold.

A

cremaster muscle

319
Q

When sperm leave the epididymis, they enter the ductus deferens, also called the

A

vas deferens.

320
Q

The ductus deferens is a thick-walled tube that travels within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, and within the pelvic cavity before it reaches the __gland.

A

prostate

321
Q

The ampulla of the ductus deferens unites with the proximal region of the seminal vesicle to form the terminal portion of the reproductive duct system, called the

A

ejaculatory duct.

322
Q

Urethra is subdivided into

A

prostatic urethra that extends through the prostate gland

membranous urethra that travels through the urogenital diaphragm

penile urethra that ends through the penis

323
Q

The vagina has a highly acidic environment to prevent bacterial growth.
Sperm cannot survive in this type of environment, so an __ secretion called seminal fluid is needed to lessen the acidity of the vagina and bring pH values closer to neutral.

A

alkaline

324
Q

The components of seminal fluid are produced by accessory glands:

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

325
Q

paired vesicles
merges with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
secrete viscous white-yellow alkaline fluid w fructose and prostaglandins

A

seminal vesicles

326
Q

The fructose is a sugar that nourishes the __ as they travel through the female reproductive tract, while the __ promote the widening and slight dilation of the external os of the cervix.

A

sperm

prostaglandins

327
Q

located inferior to bladder
slightly milky fluid
rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, protstate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

prostate gland

328
Q

citric acid is a nutrient for __ health

A

sperm

329
Q

seminalplasmin is an __ that combats urinary tract infections

A

antibiotic

330
Q

PSA acts as an __ to help liquefy semen following ejaculation

A

enzyme

331
Q

aka for Cowper’s glands

A

bulbourethral glands

332
Q

Cowper’s glands are located

A

within urogenital diaphragm on each side of urethra

333
Q

Each __gland has a short duct that projects into the base of the penis and enters the spongy urethra.

A

bulbourethral

334
Q

As a component of the seminal fluid, this _ protects the urethra and serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

A

mucin

335
Q

Seminal fluid from the accessory glands combines with sperm from the testes to make up

A

semen.

336
Q

When released during intercourse, semen is called the ejaculate, and it is normally about 3 to 5 milliliters in volume and contains approximately 200 to 500 million

A

spermatozoa.

337
Q

In a sexually active male, the average transit time of human spermatozoa—from their release into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, passage through the duct system, and appearance in the ejaculate—is about __

A

2 weeks.

338
Q

Strainer for blood in urinary production

A

glomerulus

339
Q

Nephron closer to medulla with longer loop

A

juxtamedullary nephron

340
Q

Nephron closer to cortex with shorter loop

A

cortical nephron

341
Q

trigone in urinary bladders consists of

A

ureter openings

internal urethral sphincter

342
Q

__muscle in urinary bladder for the internal urethral spinchter

A

detrusor

343
Q

__muscle in urinary bladder for external sphincter

A

skeletal

344
Q

within the cortex are __ of ovarian follicles

A

1000s

345
Q

aka for follicle cells

A

granulosa cells

346
Q

nurse cells that support oocyte

A

follicle/granulosa cells

347
Q

Where sperm is produced

A

seminiferous tubule

348
Q

oropharynx contains 2 muscular arches

A

anterior palatoglossal arches
posterior palatopharyngeal arch
form the entrance from the oral cavity