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Biology 112 > Final Exam pt 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam pt 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

A hemoglobin molecule

A

all of the above

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2
Q

An advantage of a closed circulatory system over an open one is that:

A

it allows for more efficient delivery of O2 and nutrients

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3
Q

Exchange of substances between the cells and the environment

A

all of the above

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4
Q

the ventricles

A

pump blood into the arteries

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5
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the movement of electrical signals throughout the heart?

A

the SA node generates the signal which is held up for 0.1 seconds at the AV node to allow the atria to empty completely, then the signal moves to the apex of the heart, then spreads through the ventricles

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6
Q

Cardiac output

A

is the volume of blood per minute pumped by the left ventricle

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7
Q

Valves

A

all of the above

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8
Q

In the capillaries

A

the velocity of the blood is lower than in any other type of vessel

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9
Q

systolic pressure

A

is normally higher than diastolic pressure

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10
Q

Caffeine constricts blood vessels. This constriction:

A

increases the peripheral resistance

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11
Q

Fluid is filtered from blood as it enters a capillary due to the _______, but the fluid is reabsorbed as the blood exits a capillary due to the ________.

A

blood pressure from the heart; osmotic pressure from proteins in the plasma

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12
Q

Blood pressure

A

all of the above

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13
Q

In the leg veins

A

all of the above

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14
Q

blood

A

transports O2 and nutrients to cells

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15
Q

The stem cells in the bone marrow

A

give rise to myeloid stem cells, which give rise to the lymphocytes

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16
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

all of the above

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17
Q

Gills

A

are very efficient because blood and the respiratory medium flow in opposite directions, maximizing pressure gradients

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18
Q

Respiratory surfaces

A

all of the above

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19
Q

In the leg veins

A

all of the above

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20
Q

Insects

A

have small branches of air tubes that extend to nearly every cell in the body

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21
Q

breathing

A

ventilates the lungs

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22
Q

in birds

A

air moves in one direction

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23
Q

In positive pressure breathing in amphibians

A

air is pushed into the lungs due to a decrease in the volume of the oral cavity, which increases the pressure in the oral cavity

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24
Q

Hemoglobin

A

uses iron (Fe) to bind oxygen

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25
control of breathing
is primarily based on carbon dioxide concentration in the blood and involves pH sensors that detect changes in pH
26
to adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)...
four-chambered heart
27
In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body
frogs
28
the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the___.
fishes
29
Circulatory systems compensate for ___.
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
30
A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70mL (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have cardiac outputs of ___.
4,900 mL/minute
31
If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except ___.
the pulmonary vein
32
Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?
bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds
33
Larg proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ___.
development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls
34
The production of red blood cells is stimulated by
erythropoietin
35
some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ___.
lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant
36
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen in such conditions is ___.
160 mm Hg
37
How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight
gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation
38
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as ___.
the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing
39
Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure
giraffe
40
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because ___.
the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
41
Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with ___.
increased activity of the immune system
42
damage to the sinoatrial node in humans
would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
43
An open circulatory system
has fluid called hemolymph, which is pumped through sinuses to the cells of the body
44
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
45
Inhalation
involves contraction of the diaphragm, which increases the volume of the lungs, and occurs when the pressure within the lungs drops below that of the atmospheric presusre
46
A closed circulatory system
has a circulatory fluid that is separate (distinct) from the interstitial fluid
47
Urea is relatively non-toxic compared to...
ammonia
48
the renal medulla...
is innermost sect. of kidney and contains highest solute concentration
49
At different phases of their feeding and digestion, vamp. bats...
produce dilute and concentrated urine
50
Water is not reabsorbed while filtrate...
rises through ascending loop of Henle
51
Earthworms do not use two kidneys to...
filter their systems
52
Malpighian tubules
ax of the above
53
Metanephridia
are found in annelids
54
Capillaries surrounding the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle
vasa recta
55
Urine formed by a kidney collects in the ____ before being drained by the ___ and transported to the bladder
renal pelvis; ureter
56
Juxtamedullary nephrons
desert animals
57
ADH
decreases urine
58
RAAS >...>
angiotensin II, contraction of arterioles
59
ANP lowers blood volume and pressure by...
decreasing release of renin
60
Sympathetic ganglia are distributed along...
spinal cord
61
the central nervous system is involved in ...
reflex movement
62
Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies within the ...
CNS
63
Increase in heart rate and fight/flight response
sympathetic division of neurons
64
Schwann cells are
glial cells
65
Astrocytes regulate blood flow and
nutrient delivery to neurons
66
Astrocytes and Microglia are not both
stem cells
67
Glutamate can act as a
neurotransmitter
68
the membrane is undergoing a depolarization in region
B
69
If IPSP is received by a postsynaptic neuron...
GABA may have been released
70
Multiple EPSPs
all of the above
71
Acetylcholine
involved in muscle contraction
72
cone snails have venom strong enough to...
kill humans
73
An osmoregulatory fish that lives in freshwater gains water by ...
osmosis
74
The role of the excretory system in homeostasis is
all of the above
75
adaptations that help to conserve water include
all of the above

Biology 112 (13 decks)

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