low PCV
Anemia
treatment for anemia
Treatment is a blood transfusion
what is used in PCV
Non clotted blood
how do the PCV tubes fill
Capillary action is how the PCV tubes are filled
what must each clinic have
a centrifuge that can spin capillary tubes
3 pars of the Buffy coat
- WBC
- Platelets
- Nucleated RBC’s (immature red blood cell)
what does PCV measure
Percentage of blood that is made up of red blood cells
2 other names for packed cell volume
PCV
microhematocrit
how are Traditionally expressed
percentage (%)
how are SI units expressed
L/L
how accurate are PCV
1-2% error
when should you read your PCV
immediately after its spun down
top to bottom PCV tube
- plasma
- Buffy coat
- RBC
- clay plug
how to read PCV on card
- top line: meniscus of plasma
- read at top of RBC layer
- zero line: bottom of RBC layer
traditional units (%) are _______ and most _____
Canadian and common
normal canine PCV
37 – 55%
0.37 – 0.55 L/L
normal feline PCV
27 – 45%
0.27 – 0.45 L/L
icterus plasma is normal in which animals
in ruminants (sheep) and horses
icteric plasma is what colour
yellow
what is the normal plasma colour for cats and dogs
no colour
icteric caused by what
- Normal in cattle & horses
- Hemoconcentration
- Dehydration
- Post-racing in the horse
- Liver disease
- Biliary obstruction
what does red plasma mean
improper sample collection or rough sample handling
when is plasma produced
Plasma is produced when blood is centrifuged after the addition of an anticoagulant
plasma still contains what
clotting factors
causes of red plasma
- May be due to disease or technique
- Technical errors due to blood collection can cause hemolysis
causes of white plasma
Can be due to increased cholesterol and/or triglycerides
post pandal
after eating
patient should be what before blood collection
fasted for 12 hours
decreased Serum/Plasma Protein
- Youth
- Malnutrition
- Liver disease
- Pregnancy & lactation
increased Serum/Plasma Protein
- dehydration
- antibody production
what do male ticks not carry
male deer ticks do not carry lyme
blacklegged/deer tick
ixodes scapularis
lone star
amblyomma americanum
american dog tick
demacentor variabilis
name 5 risk areas
Kingston ottawa pickering niagara Peterborough
head of the tick
capitulum
blacklegged tick ID
scutum: solid black or brown
festoons: none present
capitulum: long
location and time of year: deciduous forest Oct-May
American Dog tick ID
scutum: paternel or orinate
festoons: yes
capitulum: short
location and time of year: tall grass and bush Oct-May
lone star tick id
scutum: patterned (yellow dot)
festoons: yes
capitulum: long
location and time of year: woodlands
deer ticks carry
Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis
dog ticks cary
Rocky Mt. spotted fever
lone star ticks carry
ehrliciosis
Lyme disease causes symptoms in _____ of affected dog vs ________ in humans
Lyme disease causes symptoms in 5-10% of affected dog vs 80-90% in humans
how long does it take to transmit lyme
24-48 hours
parasitology
The study of organisms that live in or on another organism, from which they derive their nourishment.
what can be a good preliminary test to diagnose protozoa
direct smear
direct smears are always used to evaluate what
bodily fluids
when doing a Rapid microscopic scan what are you looking for
eggs, larvae, trophozoites
Centrifugal flotation is more effective for what
floating eggs
3 common solutions
- Sugar
- sodium chloride
- sodium nitrate
- magnesium sulfate
- zinc sulfate
_______ is the (#1 Preliminary test for parasite testing
fecal floatation
what does the Cellophane Tape Prep
help with
Recover eggs of Oxyuris (pinworms)
Aid in tapeworm identification
how to perform Cellophane Tape Prep
Tape pressed to perianal area (anus) (sticky side out) then to glass slide (sticky side down)
can people get pinworms from animals
NO
an egg count is done on what animals
farm
3 other fecal exam types
- Chemical testing
- Vomitus examination
- Fecal culture
examples of secondary hosts
Mouse Tick Deer Mosquito Flea
secondary host or intermediate host are the ________
SAME
what is an intermediate host
a host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period, during which (usually) some developmental stage is completed.
direct life cycle
No intermediate host needed for development to the infective stage
indirect life cycle
An intermediate host is needed for development to the infective stage
flat worms, cestodes, trematodes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
cestodes and Trematodes intermediate host
aquatic animals (snail, frogs)
cestodes
tape worm
Trematodes
flukes
diagnosis for cestodes and Trematodes
- direct smear of the septum
- Fecal flotation
- Segment/proglotid crush & exam
lung fluke of cats & dogs
Paragonimus kellicotti
symptoms of tape worms
Weight loss
Diaherria
Dehydrated
most pathogenic
stage of tape worms
Larval
what are intermediate-host tapeworms
fleas and sheep
how to get tapeworms
- Ingestion of larval stages
- Ingestion of cestode egg
life cycle of a cestode
indirect
Phylum Nematodes are what
zoonotic
Roundworms
- Competes for nutrients like tape worm
- Ocular, transmamory, transplasental migration
hookworms
- Careful in sand
- Promote bleed and symptoms include anemia and blood in the stool
whipworms
Promote bleed and symptoms include anemia and blood in the stool
roundworm name in cats
Toxocara cati
roundworm name in dogs
Toxocara canis
roundworm name in dogs and cats
Toxascaris leonina
examples of Phylum Nematodes
roundworms
hookworms
whipworms
scientific name of whipworm
Trichuris vulpis
what is self limiting
sometimes the infection will resolve on it’s own when in low numbers
zoonotic Protozoans
Giardia spp.
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium parvum
coxidia is problematic in what kind of animals
young animals
coxidia is what
self limiting
Coccidiosis
One of the most commonly diagnosed diseases in puppies and kittens