Final Remaining Flashcards

Question

Temporal Reproduction Task

Answer 1

Reproduce the duration themselves Participants are required to press the spacebar once to initiate their time estimates and then press once again when they think that the presentation duration of the former square (e.g., 3 s) has elapsed

Answer 2

2+ stimuli presented | subject may be asked to make a judgment as to whether the longer interval was the first or second

Answer 3

Accuracy - close to actual Precision - close to each other

Answer 4

On average, we are highly accurate in our temporal judgments Linear relationship between target durations and time estimates Close to actual

Answer 5

Error in time estimates grow proportional to the timed interval Trial-to-trial variability is constant within an individual close to each other

Answer 6

scalar time: errors vary linearly with estimated durations Scalar property/Weber's law: one of the hallmark signatures of interval timing that describes the linear relationship between target durations and the standard deviation of duration judgments, indicating that variability in timing behavior grows proportional to the mean of the interval being estimated. In this sense, duration discrimination is relative rather than absolute, that is time perception is like a rubber band in that it can be stretched to produce time-scale invariance across different durations

Answer 7

1. Affective state - emotion-induced activation temporarily increases the speed of an internal clock (thereby leading to longer perceived durations) 2. Age: older vs. younger adults (time passes more quickly for older adult) 3. Health status: psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, schizophrenia) and neurodegenerative conditions (e.g., Parkinson’s disease) 4. Stimulus properties and context - Cognitive load (e.g., increasing the number of timed intervals) accuracy of time estimation deteriorated with cognitive load; overestimation of time - Dynamic vs. static stimuli

Answer 8

Distributed neural network involved in forming and updating temporal expectations dlPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) anterior insula vPM (ventral premotor area) ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)

Answer 9

Striatal subpopulation dynamics predict duration judgments - Trained rats to estimate and categorize the duration of time intervals as longer or shorter than 1.5 seconds - When rats mistook shorter interval for a long one, population activity had traveled farther down path than would normally (and vice-versa) - Suggests that variability in subjective estimates of the passage of time might arise from variability in the speed of striatal neuron’s changing patterns of activity - Lesioning striatum impaired rat’s ability to classify interval durations altogether - striatal ensembles drive subjects’ judgments of duration, Individual neurons show significant short and long preferences ===> Striatal subpopulation dynamics predict duration judgments ___________ The striatum encodes reinforcement learning and procedural motion, and consequently is required to represent temporal information precisely, which then guides actions in proper sequence. dorso-medial striatal neurons = time-relevant neurons dlPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

Answer 10

Hippocampal neurons that fire at successive moments in temporally structured experiences different striatal neurons are active at different time points Hippocampal time cells fire at successive moments in temporally structured experiences.

Answer 11

Temporal expectations in the autonomous nervous system (ANS) Human pupil size Temporal prediction - Letter discrimination task - Delays to visual target presentations were manipulated Pupillary response tracks temporal information - Dilatory pupillary activity started earlier when the targets were expected to appear sooner after trial onset - Time-based information processing in the ANS

Answer 12

No dedicated region associated with timing ``` Basal ganglia (BG) as the locus for the representation of temporal information - Striatum, a main input area of the BG, has been implicated for timing supra-second intervals ```

Answer 13

Sub-second intervals are mainly processed by automatic timing, which does not require attentional modulation, whereas supra-second durations are under the control of higher cognitive functions such as attention and working memory

Answer 14

time as encoded by striatal populations ran faster or slower when rats judged a duration as longer or shorter, respectively. These results demonstrate that the speed with which striatal population state changes supports the fundamental ability of animals to judge the passage of time

Answer 15

time as encoded by striatal populations ran faster or slower when rats judged a duration as longer or shorter, respectively. These results demonstrate that the speed with which striatal population state changes supports the fundamental ability of animals to judge the passage of time - Trained rats to estimate and categorize the duration of time intervals as longer or shorter than 1.5 seconds - When rats mistook shorter interval for a long one, population activity had traveled farther down path than would normally (and vice-versa) - Suggests that variability in subjective estimates of the passage of time might arise from variability in the speed of striatal neuron’s changing patterns of activity - Lesioning striatum impaired rat’s ability to classify interval durations altogether - striatal ensembles drive subjects’ judgments of duration - Individual neurons show significant short and long preferences !!! - Different striatal neurons are active at different time points

Answer 16

time as encoded by striatal populations ran faster or slower when rats judged a duration as longer or shorter, respectively. These results demonstrate that the speed with which striatal population state changes supports the fundamental ability of animals to judge the passage of time - Trained rats to estimate and categorize the duration of time intervals as longer or shorter than 1.5 seconds - When rats mistook shorter interval for a long one, population activity had traveled farther down path than would normally (and vice-versa) - Suggests that variability in subjective estimates of the passage of time might arise from variability in the speed of striatal neuron’s changing patterns of activity - Lesioning striatum impaired rat’s ability to classify interval durations altogether - striatal ensembles drive subjects’ judgments of duration - Individual neurons show significant short and long preferences !!! - Different striatal neurons are active at different time points

Answer 17

- Estimation of the time-of-arrival of a pendulum - Make a key press when the pendulum reaches its maximum height - Manipulation: Induce unpredictable changes in speed of the pendulum’s swing from one semi-period to the next Periodic –predictable Non-periodic -unpredictable - More extensive activation in non-periodic test trials - Distributed neural network involved in forming and updating temporal expectations dlPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) anterior insula vPM (ventral premotor area) ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)

Answer 18

- Trained rats to estimate and categorize the duration of time intervals as longer or shorter than 1.5 seconds - When rats mistook shorter interval for a long one, population activity had traveled farther down path than would normally (and vice-versa) - Suggests that variability in subjective estimates of the passage of time might arise from variability in the speed of striatal neuron’s changing patterns of activity - Lesioning striatum impaired rat’s ability to classify interval durations altogether - striatal ensembles drive subjects’ judgments of duration, Individual neurons show significant short and long preferences ===> Striatal subpopulation dynamics predict duration judgments

Answer 19

- There is no dedicated brain region that is associated with the timing function - Distributed neural network subserving temporal cognition There is no dedicated time-keeping mechanism in the brain The involvement of very large and distributed neural networks CNS + ANS (pupillary dilation)

Answer 20

state of unarousable consciousness failure of ‘ascending reticular system looks like someone is alseep but can't wake them up; can't respond to external stimuli

Answer 21

state of arousal after coming out of coma brain/physiological system is a little bit more 'awake' but no meaningful interaction also referred to as Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome Vegetative state: reticular activating system is INTACT; fiber tracts are intact; conclusion is that reticular activating system is necessary for consciousness but not sufficient for consciousness

Answer 22

aka vegetative state state of arousal after coming out of coma brain/physiological system is a little bit more 'awake' but no meaningful interaction

Answer 23

half the time in vegetative, half the time responsive (conscious)

Answer 24

you are conscious, but cannot respond to external stimuli Implication: patient is aware and intentional

Answer 25

Rapid eye movement sleep Reticulate system is active during REM More of a conscious state The body's internal function is more active during REM sleep. Heart rate is faster and more irregular, blood pressure rises and breathing is quicker and more irregular Dreams occur here

Answer 26

Unaware and unconscious Brain waves are typically slow and of high voltage, the breathing and heart rate are slow and regular, the blood pressure is low, and the sleeper is relatively still

Answer 27

Recovery of conscious awareness and cognitive function following severe brain injuries can occur over surprisingly long time intervals of months, years and rarely decade

Answer 28

What determines the contents of our conscious awareness at any given moment? ==ATTENTION Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact

Answer 29

Not consciously aware of the change

Answer 30

If you put a visual white noise screen being presented, if it's close enough in time you won't have conscious experience of seeing the word the mask is inhibiting your ability to notice the stimulus; has to be close in time implicit memory for the word -- repetition suppression: recall "note" faster if seen it before, even if don't consciously remember seeing it The fusiform gyrus= part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe drastically reduced during subliminal messaging

Answer 31

Neuronal Correlates of Perception in Early Visual Cortex Looking in V1 —> presented noise structures, some with grating in it, difficult to identify whether or not grating was present Hit = yes grating, should activate V1 neurons (O) + conscious of that grating (S) Correct Rejection = no grating, no V1 neuron activation (O) + no conscious recall (S) Miss = yes grating, V1 neuron activation (O) + no conscious recall (S) False Alarm = no grating, no V1 neuron activation (O) + conscious recall (S) BOLD Activation --> much more activation in hits than in misses; V1 not telling you just what is in environment; hits and misses should be same if objective; false alarms led to almost same level of activity as hits V1 activity modulated by conscious experience --> all about your interpretation of experience

Answer 32

Spoken speech —> temporal lobe (speech) Ambiguous speech —> additional activation in frontal, indicating semantic processing [creek, beam, ceiling] Imagine playing tennis —> motor cortex Imagine walking through childhood home —> PPA, parietal (navigation) Hearing what is being said and consciously responding to it

Answer 33

Attentional Blink Experiment Presented with serial visual presentation 1. Identify the white stimulus? 2. Was there an x? Percent correct as function in relation to relative serial position Performance drops right after onset of T1, then returns to normative levels —> A tiny temporal window after onset of target 1 in which you are unable to identify the second stimulus Application: 100-400 after surprise

Answer 34

Damage to R parietal lobe, neglect to left visual field -- doesn't make it into awareness, not conscious of left side of space -- no reporting of conscious awareness Right P cortex is typically damaged in cases of visual neglect L parietal cortex is not important in consciousness of external world, but instead in internal consciousness; lack of self-awareness? Right damage - hemispheric neglect Left damage - lack of self-awareness?

Answer 35

Break down of Cortical Effective Connectivity How the brain is physiologically different during awake and during non-REM sleep Stimulating TMS over part of brain —> how brain reacts to stimulation During wakefulness, you get activity in site of activation that then moves bilaterally to nearby areas [doesn’t stay localized in one area] ability of activation in one brain area to activate other regions is much greater during wakefulness than when sleeping In non-REM sleep, same robust activation in stimulation site but doesn’t travel in brain (the brain is inhibited from cross-regional connectivity) —> local activity might be intact, but consciousness requires the areas to communicate with each other LOCALIZED ACTIVITY IN SLEEP/UNCONSCIOUS vs. WIDESPREAD ACTIVITY WHEN AWAKE/CONSCIOUS

Answer 36

Global metabolism is not diagnostic about consciousness The overall level of activity of a brain area doesn’t seem to be indicative of level of consciousness, except with reticular formation system (needed but still not enough) Effective connectivity may be a more sensitive measure —> how distributed and long-range information is being integrated

Answer 37

Too much environmental stimuli for us to process Selecting from the over 2 million bits of auditory and visual stimuli that you can process at any given moment Attention gives you spotlight to the world

Answer 38

Too much environmental stimuli for us to process Selecting from the over 2 million bits of auditory and visual stimuli that you can process at any given moment Attention gives you spotlight to the world

Answer 39

Both stimuli present in both situations (both faces and places) Consciously aware of only one at a time When aware of face, increased FFA activation; when aware of house, PPA activation

Answer 40

Exposure to US -> Reinstatement Presentation of CS in new context -> Renewal Passage of time -> Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 41

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Perservative Error = error of inhibition

Answer 42

Perservative error = error of inhbitiion