Final Review

Question 1

Don’t break __________ unless legal and ethical guidelines stipulate you should do so. Confidentiality lives on after the client is deceased.

Pg. 648

Answer 1

confidentiality

Question 2

Inform the client upfront that there are times when you need to break confidentiality, for example _________. This is known as “relative confidentiality” or the “limitations of confidentiality”. Your _________ information should also delineate freedom of choice issues, fees, techniques you utilize, and your qualifications.

Pg. 648

Answer 2

you are subpoenaed and asked to provide information about a client; informed consent

Question 3

Never promise or guarantee that you will ________.

Pg. 648

Answer 3

cure the client

Question 4

According to the ACA you may have a romantic or sexual relationship with a former client if you wait ____ years after the last contact. NBCC states _____ years after termination. The relationship cannot be exploitative.

Pg. 648

Answer 4

5; 2

Question 5

If you don’t know how to handle a case _________. The “standard of practice/care” concept refers to the fact that competent peers would have handled the situation in the same manner as you.

Pg. 649

Answer 5

get supervision/consultation

Question 6

Electronic client records require _________ so only appropriate staff can view them.

Pg. 649

Answer 6

restricted access

Question 7

Breech confidentiality if a client threatens to hurt themself or someone else, relying on the principles of “__________”.

Pg. 649

Answer 7

minimal disclosure

Question 8

Always contact a ________ regarding child abuse and/or abuse of elderly persons. Counselors are mandated reporters.

Pg. 649

Answer 8

hotline or appropriate organization

Question 9

Practice ________ by keeping promises and being loyal to clients. Lying, not keeping appointments, and breaking confidentiality for no reason are examples of behavior that violates _________.

Pg. 649

Answer 9

fidelity; fidelity

Question 10

Always secure _________ prior to seeing clients.

Pg. 649

Answer 10

malpractice (liability) insurance

Question 11

Avoid dual/multiple relationships with current or former clients unless the relationship is ________ to the client. Document why you feel the interaction was beneficial in advance whenever possible. (If relationship is meeting your needs, and not you clients - avoid it!)

Pg. 650

Answer 11

beneficial

Question 12

If you are a counselor educator you must infuse _________ material into all courses and workshops.

Pg. 650

Answer 12

multicultural and diversity

Question 13

Never use a test, inventory, or assessment tool on a population unless is has been _________ on that population.

Pg. 650

Answer 13

normed

Question 14

Never use a test or inventory that is ________ or make client decisions based on _______ test scores.

Pg. 650

Answer 14

obsolete; obsolete

Question 15

Use the title “Dr.” only if your doctorate is ___________.

Pg. 650

Answer 15

in counseling or a closely related field

Question 16

Do not use your ___________ to recruit clients for your private practice.

Pg. 650

Answer 16

regular counseling job

Question 17

National Certified Counselors keep records for at least ___ years, unless the law says otherwise.

Pg. 650

Answer 17

5

Question 18

If you are working with a terminally ill client who wishes to hasten their death you have a right to break or not break confidentiality after ____________.

Pg. 650

Answer 18

you consult with appropriate professional and legal sources

Question 19

If you are using a _________ you must inform your client. You should also reveal the composition of the team.

Pg. 650

Answer 19

treatment team

Question 20

If you provide technology-assisted services use ___________. Also check legal regulations and the licensing bureau of the state where __________ resides to determine if you must be licensed in that particular state.

Pg. 651

Answer 20

encrypted websites and email communications; the client

Question 21

If you provide technology-assisted services, give the client ___________ in case technology fails. Also let the client know what services are covered under insurance and ensure that technological accessibility meets the ADA requirements.

Pg. 651

Answer 21

emergency procedures

Question 22

If you are using a technique or treatment that is not proven via empirical evidence or a proven scientific foundation, always inform the client that ___________. Also discuss the possibility of harm with the client.

Answer 22

the intervention is “unproven” or “developing”

Question 23

If you do unintentionally harm a client you must show that __________.

Pg. 651

Answer 23

you tried to remedy the harm incurred

Question 24

A supervisor can legitimately recommend that a supervisee be __________ from a training program or professional setting.

Pg. 651

Answer 24

dismissed

Question 25

____________ can legitimately terminate a supervisory relationship.

Answer 25

supervisor or supervisee

Question 26

When possible, don't use deception with subjects in research studies. If you cannot find an alternative, then ___________.

Answer 26

debrief the subjects as soon as possible

Question 27

Avoid fee-splitting and never accept a __________ for a client.

Answer 27

referral fee

Question 28

_________ is not a valid excuse for violating ethical guidelines.

Answer 28

ignorance

Question 29

The application of human growth and development theories to the practice of counseling became popular in the ______. Pg. 652

Answer 29

1980s

Question 30

_________ refers to what happens to the fetus during gestation.

Answer 30

fetal origins

Question 31

Changes to one's growth and/or development can be either _________ (measured) or __________ (change in organization or structure).

Answer 31

quantitative; qualitative

Question 32

__________ is the founder of psychology in the U.S. and the first president of the APA. He popularized the study of the child and child guidance.

Answer 32

Stanley Hall

Question 33

________ was outlined by John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B.F. Skinner. Initially the mind is a blank slate and the child learns to behave in a certain manner. This model relies on empiricism (Locke's view that knowledge is acquired by experience). All _________ is the result of learning.

Answer 33

behaviorism; behavior

Question 34

Erikson's psychosocial stages are based on ___________.

Answer 34

ego psychology and the epigenetic principle that states that growth is orderly, universal, and systematic

Question 35

________ Qualitative stages of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor (birth - 2 yrs) 2. preoperational (2-7 yrs) 3. concrete operations (7-12 yrs) 4. formal operations (11/12-16 yrs)

Answer 35

Piaget's

Question 36

Piaget Patterns of thought and behavior are called ________.

Answer 36

schema

Question 37

Piaget ________ occurs qualitatively (change in the person's thought structure) when the individual fits information into existing ideas and modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information.

Answer 37

adaptation

Question 38

Piaget _________ is when the individual fits information into existing ideas.

Answer 38

assimilation

Question 39

Piaget ________ is when an individual modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information.

Answer 39

accommodation

Question 40

Piaget _________ occurs in the sensorimotor stage (an object the child can't see still exists).

Answer 40

object permanence

Question 41

Piaget _________ occurs in the preoperational stage and is the act of focusing on one aspect of something.

Answer 41

centration

Question 42

Piaget _________ takes place in the concrete operations stage. The child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the appearance of an object changes.

Answer 42

conservation

Question 43

Piaget __________ takes place in the formal operations stage.

Answer 43

abstract scientific thinking

Question 44

The 7th stage of Erikson's model is ___________ (35-60 yrs).

Answer 44

generativity vs. stagnation

Question 45

The 8th stage of Erikson's model is ___________ (65 + yrs).

Answer 45

integrity vs. despair

Question 46

The 1st stage of Erikson's model is ___________ (birth - 1.5 yrs).

Answer 46

trust vs. mistrust

Question 47

The 2nd stage of Erikson's model is ___________ (1.5 - 3 yrs).

Answer 47

autonomy vs. shame & doubt

Question 48

The 3rd stage of Erikson's model is ___________ (3-6 yrs).

Answer 48

initiative vs. guilt

Question 49

The 4th stage of Erikson's model is ___________ (6-11 yrs).

Answer 49

industry vs. inferiority

Question 50

The 5th stage of Erikson's model is ___________ (12-18 yrs).

Answer 50

identity vs. role confusion

Question 51

The 8th stage of Erikson's model is ___________ (18-35 yrs).

Answer 51

intimacy vs. isolation

Question 52

________'s constructive developmental model emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality.

Answer 52

Keagan's

Question 53

_________'s 3 levels of moral development: ``` Preconventional = behavior governed by consequences Conventional = a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules Postconventional = self-accepted moral principles guide behavior. ``` **each level has 2 stages.

Answer 53

Lawrence Kohlberg's

Question 54

_________ illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on males in her book, "In a Different Voice". Women have a sense of caring and compassion.

Answer 54

Carol Gilligan

Question 55

________ four major eras/transitions theory depicted the changes in men's lives throughout the life span. The four eras include: childhood & adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood

Answer 55

Levinson's

Question 56

________ proposed that cognitive development is not the result of innate factors, but is produced by activities that take place in one's culture. His __________ refers to the difference in the child's ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others.

Answer 56

Vygotsky; zone of proximal development (ZDP)

Question 57

Freud's psychoanalytic/psychodynamic 5 psychosexual stages: 1. ______ (birth 1 yr) 2. _____ (1-3 yrs) 3. _____ (3-7 yrs) 4. _____ (3-5 yrs) 5. _____ (adolescence - adulthood)

Answer 57

``` oral anal phallic oedipal/electra complex latency genital ```

Question 58

_________ is the drive to live and the sexual instinct that is present even at birth. It is said to be sublimated in the latency stage as the individual has little interest in sex. This ends when puberty begins.

Answer 58

libido

Question 59

_________ is the return to an earlier stage caused by stress.

Answer 59

regression

Question 60

_________ implies that the person is unable to move to the next stage.

Answer 60

fixation

Question 61

_______ is criticized for focusing on sex and not including the entire life span in his theory.

Answer 61

Freud

Question 62

_______ interviewed self-actualized people. Lower-order physiological and safety needs must be fulfilled before self-actualization can occur.

Answer 62

Maslow

Question 63

________ theory of intellectual & ethical development in adults/college students: dualism = students view the truth as either right or wrong relativism = the notion that a perfect answer may not exist. There is a desire to know various opinions. commitment to relativism = individual is willing to change their opinion based on novel facts and new points of view

Answer 63

Perry's

Question 64

________ theory of faith and spiritual development: 0: undifferentiated (primal) faith (birth - 4 yrs) 1: intuitive-projective faith (2-7 yrs) 2: mythic-literal faith (childhood and beyond) 3: synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond) **a stage of conformity 4: individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond) 5: conjunctive faith (mid 30's and beyond) **openness to other points of view, paradox, and appreciation of symbols and metaphors 6: universalizing faith (midlife and beyond) **few reach this stage

Answer 64

Fowler's

Question 65

According to _________, faith is not identical with one's belief in religion. "Faith can be religious faith, but it can also be centered on a career, a country, an institution, a family, money, success, or even oneself". Faith grows and changes throughout the life span.

Answer 65

Fowler

Question 66

Baumrind's Typology or Parenting Styles: _________ = high expectations for the child, but is warm and nurturing. The child is given an explanation of the rules. Generally produces a child who is happy, does well in school, has good emotional regulation, and fine social skills.

Answer 66

authoritative

Question 67

Baumrind's Typology or Parenting Styles: _________ = bossy parents which champions "follow my orders" with no explanation. Punishment and verbal insults are used liberally. Can produce anxious, withdrawn children who are likely to engage in antisocial behavior including alcohol and drug abuse, stealing, and gang activities.

Answer 67

authoritarian

Question 68

Baumrind's Typology or Parenting Styles: _________ = parent has a low level of control and is easily manipulated. Rarely says "no" to a child and is nonpunitive. Very affectionate and wishes to please the child like a friend. Child can display a lack of social skills, boundaries, and can be extremely demanding. Children often use drugs and alcohol.

Answer 68

permissive passive indulgent

Question 69

_________ appears to be the best treatment of choice for those with eating disorders.

Answer 69

family therapy

Question 70

________ is defined as habits, customs, art, religion, science, and the political behavior of a given group of people during a given period of time.

Answer 70

culture

Question 71

Cultures are said to be ________: each culture changing or evolving at its own rate.

Answer 71

dynamic

Question 72

The dominant or major culture in a country is the _________, often contrasted with the smaller ________.

Answer 72

macroculture; microculture

Question 73

Learning the behaviors and expectations of a culture is known as __________.

Answer 73

acculturation

Question 74

Cultural ________ is a way to view cultural _________ as an ongoing process and not an end product. The construct suggests you need lifelong commitment to self-evaluation; fix power imbalances where they should not exist; and develop partnerships to advocate for others.

Answer 74

humility; competency

Question 75

_________ implies that we are all genetically and biologically similar - "biological sameness" (i.e., we all need air, food, and water).

Answer 75

universal culture

Question 76

________ can determine our language, political views, and laws

Answer 76

national culture

Question 77

_________ gives us the behavior for a certain region

Answer 77

regional culture

Question 78

_________ where factors such as earthquakes, floods, and food supply may influence our behavior

Answer 78

ecological culture

Question 79

_________ occurs when one race views itself as superior to others. A given race has a set of genetically transmitted characteristics such as white, African American, or Asian.

Answer 79

Racism

Question 80

_________ means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured.

Answer 80

ethnocentrism

Question 81

In the ______ approach the counselor helps the client understand their culture. In the _____ approach the counselor focuses on the similarities in people; treating people as being the same.

Answer 81

emic; etic ``` **M = me/I T = those/others ```

Question 82

_______ implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with their environment.

Answer 82

autoplastic **auto = 1 person (autobiography)

Question 83

_______ occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the environment

Answer 83

alloplastic

Question 84

______ and nosological systems such as the DSM can have a Eurocentric or Euro-American bias

Answer 84

tests

Question 85

_________ implies that the client's tone of voice, loudness, vocal inflections, and speed of delivery, silence, and hesitation must be taken into consideration. It is part of the study of nonverbal communication and is usually considered more accurate than verbal communication.

Answer 85

paralanguage

Question 86

_________ communication implies that there will be a precise explicit verbal explanation and possibly repetition such as summarizing at the end of a class, meeting, or group therapy session. Popular in the US, UK, Canada, and Germany.

Answer 86

low context

Question 87

_________ communication is implicit. It is common in the Middle East, Italy, Spain, and Asian countries. It relies on nonverbal over verbal, respect for tradition and the past, and is readily understood by others in the culture with a shared frame of reference.

Answer 87

high context

Question 88

_________ is the act of thinking that all people of a group are alike. Can be good or bad.

Answer 88

stereotyping

Question 89

_________ occurs when we have an opinion based on insufficient evidence.

Answer 89

prejudice

Question 90

_________ is the notion that psychologically healthy people possess both masculine and feminine characteristics.

Answer 90

androgynous/androgyny

Question 91

________ addresses the issue of personal space, also known as spatial relations. Communication and social relations are impacted by this.

Answer 91

proxemics

Question 92

_________ theory, popularized by early research by Festinger, postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others.

Answer 92

social comparison

Question 93

Festinger is also well known for his ___________ theory asserting that individuals will change their beliefs to match their behavior when there is a mismatch. This reduces the tension created by the initial inconsistency.

Answer 93

cognitive dissonance

Question 94

_________ is to acknowledge information that supports your point of view and ignore that which does not.

Answer 94

confirmation bias

Question 95

Counselors strive to understand a client's ________ (the way the client sees the world due to attitudes, value systems, an beliefs).

Answer 95

worldview

Question 96

__________ factors must be taken into account when counseling clients.

Answer 96

socioeconomic

Question 97

The statement "misery loves company" is often true according to ________.

Answer 97

Schachter

Question 98

_________ theory asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant macroculture.

Answer 98

Anglo-Conformity

Question 99

5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model: stage 1: _________ = lean toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture

Answer 99

conformity

Question 100

5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model: stage 2: _________ = question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group

Answer 100

dissonance

Question 101

5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model: stage 3: __________ = reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own culture

Answer 101

resistance and immersion

Question 102

5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model: stage 4: __________ = mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one's own racial/ethnic group

Answer 102

introspection

Question 103

5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model: stage 5: _________ = stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/ethnicity, but has different beliefs.

Answer 103

synergetic articulation and awareness

Question 104

In the 5-Stage Atkinson, Morten, & Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) - aka Minority Identity Model _______________.

Answer 104

not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals never progress beyond the second or third stage. An individual can also go backward.

Question 105

________ may be used to describe the view that women are subservient to men and that men are expected to provide for the family.

Answer 105

machismo

Question 106

The _________ experiment: a situation can control behavior as well as assigned roles, such as telling subjects to be a guard or a prisoner. Would not be ethical today.

Answer 106

Stanford Prison Experiment

Question 107

The ________ experiment: two opposing groups of boys ended up working together because they were both attempting to solve the same problem (called superordinate goal).

Answer 107

Robbers' Cave (Sherif)

Question 108

The ________ experiment: in a social or group situation people would sell out and agree with the opinions of others about the length of the line even when they knew the individuals were clearly wrong.

Answer 108

Solomon Asch Situation (1950s studies regarding conformity based on the length of a line)

Question 109

The _________ experiment: the greater the number of people in a group, the LESS likely they are to assist a person in need (and will be slower if they do intervene)!

Answer 109

Darley & Latane (bystander effect/apathy)

Question 110

The ________ experiment: 65% of subjects gave painful electrical shocks to innocent victims when instructed to do so by an authority figure. Some experts insist this could explain the Holocaust.

Answer 110

Stanley Milgram (1963 Obedience to authority experiment)

Question 111

Research illuminates that the __________ contributes to 30% of the client outcome.

Answer 111

therapeutic relationship

Question 112

Freud's Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis is a ___________. It it long-term. This form of therapy is said to be historic since it focuses on the past.

Answer 112

theory of personality & a form of psychotherapy

Question 113

Freud's Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis Patient is asked to engage in _________, which is saying whatever comes to mind.

Answer 113

free association

Question 114

Freud's Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis _______ are very important and generally viewed as a process for wish fulfillment. Research does not support this notion.

Answer 114

dreams

Question 115

Freud's Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis __________ is examined.

Answer 115

unconscious material

Question 116

_________ emphasized ego defense mechanisms: repression, displacement, projection, reaction formation, sublimation, rationalization, identification, suppression or denial

Answer 116

Freud

Question 117

________ = something that is too painful for face is totally forgotten (not aware you are doing this)

Answer 117

repression

Question 118

________ = taking your anger out on a safe target rather than the source of your anger

Answer 118

displacement

Question 119

________ = you can't accept a quality about yourself so you attribute it to others (i.e., you think you're looking out a window but you are really looking in a mirror)

Answer 119

projection

Question 120

_________ = you deny an unacceptable unconscious impulse by acting in the opposite manner

Answer 120

reaction formation

Question 121

________ = express an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner

Answer 121

sublimation

Question 122

_________ = when a person overrates or underrates a reward or outcome

Answer 122

rationalization

Question 123

_________ = joining a feared person (such as a gang) to relieve your anxiety

Answer 123

identification

Question 124

_________ = when you purposely don't think of a situation

Answer 124

suppression or denial

Question 125

The discharge of repressed emotions is called _________.

Answer 125

abreaction or catharsis

Question 126

According to Freud's structural theory, the personality has 3 systems: ``` ________ = morals, houses conscience and ego ideal ________ = reality principle that balances the id and superego ________ = biological forces, especially sex and aggression. Operates on the pleasure principle striving for immediate gratification ```

Answer 126

superego ego id

Question 127

______ is the life instinct | ______ is the death instinct

Answer 127

eros | thanatos

Question 128

Carl Jung's Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology: Unconscious has 2 parts: Personal unconscious & collective unconscious ``` _________ = similar to what Freud postulated _________ = composed of archetypes passed down through the ages (common to all people). ```

Answer 128

personal unconscious | collective unconscious

Question 129

Carl Jung's Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology: Archetypes include... ________ = a social mask the person wears ________ = masculine side of the female ________ = feminine side of the male Individuals are said to be ___________, having both male & female characteristics. ________ = dark side of the personality related to animal instincts

Answer 129

``` persona animus anima androgynous shadow ```

Question 130

Carl Jung's Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology: The ______ is symbolized via a mandala or a balance between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.

Answer 130

self

Question 131

Carl Jung's Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology: Jung created the ____________ typologies. He felt that we possess both; however, one is dominant. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has its roots in this work.

Answer 131

extroversion/introversion

Question 132

Carl Jung's Analytic (Psychodynamic) Psychology: __________ was Jung's term for becoming a unique human being.

Answer 132

individuation

Question 133

Adler's Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology: Adler's approach focuses on the fact that the behavior is one's unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of __________. An individual constructs a lifestyle which is chosen.

Answer 133

inferiority

Question 134

Adler's Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology: Adler stressed the "__________" to generate feelings of superiority.

Answer 134

"will to power"

Question 135

Adler's Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology: The theory adheres to the principle of __________ or the notion that behavior is motivated primarily by future opportunities rather than the past.

Answer 135

fictional finalism

Question 136

Adler's Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology: Adler felt __________ (also called place in the family constellation) was important. 1st born children are conservative leaders. 2nd born children tend to be more competitive and rebellious. Sibling interaction can have a greater impact than parent-child interaction.

Answer 136

birth order

Question 137

Adler's Individual (Psychodynamic) Psychology: Since Adler felt behavior is highly influenced by future goals rather than one's past, this is a ____________.

Answer 137

teleological theory

Question 138

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: Newer exams often refer to behavior modification as __________.

Answer 138

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Question 139

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: ABA looks at observable behavior, rather than __________.

Answer 139

hypothetical constructs.

Question 140

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: The key concept is that behavior is ____________.

Answer 140

learned and not pathological

Question 141

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: Watson coined the word "__________" while Lazarus created the term "___________".

Answer 141

behaviorism; behavior therapy

Question 142

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: The __________ of behavior therapy are that is does not yield insight, it treats symptoms not the root cause, and it can be manipulative and often changes behavior but not underlying feelings.

Answer 142

criticisms

Question 143

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: ___________ purports that behavior is molded solely by its CONSEQUENCES. This paradigm is known as operant or instrumental conditioning.

Answer 143

B. F. Skinner's radical behaviorism

Question 144

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: A _________ reinforcer is a stimulus that raises the probability that a behavior will be repeated. The reinforcer must come after the behavior (or operant).

Answer 144

positive

Question 145

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: _________ reinforcers also raise behavior. For example, a recruit in the military makes a bunk bed to avoid being yelled at by a drill instructor. All reinforcers, whether positive or negative, raise behavior. All reinforcers are said to follow or come AFTER a behavior.

Answer 145

negative

Question 146

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: ________ speaks of social learning theory. Here the person's own behavior increases when they see somebody else getting reinforced for it; also referred to as vicarious learning or modeling.

Answer 146

Bandura

Question 147

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: _________ is intended to lower behavior by suppressing it.

Answer 147

punishment

Question 148

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: Behaviorists champion _________ (e.g., assertive behavior).

Answer 148

role-playing

Question 149

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: _________ will lower behavior after an initial extinction burst or response burst.

Answer 149

extinction

Question 150

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: ________ schedules of reinforcement rely on work output, whereas ________ schedules rely on time. Ratio schedules are ________ effective than interval schedules.

Answer 150

ratio; interval; more

Question 151

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: _________ reinforcement occurs when each behavior is reinforced. Good when first learning a new behavior.

Answer 151

continuous

Question 152

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: __________ reinforcement occurs some of the time, but not all of the times the desired behaviors are reinforced. This type of reinforcement is MORE effective than a fixed schedule where you always reinforce in the same manner.

Answer 152

intermittent or variable

Question 153

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: ________ with successive approximations is reinforcing small chunks of behavior that lead to the desired behavior.

Answer 153

shaping

Question 154

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: __________ reinforcement of other/alternative behavior (DRO/DRA) takes place when the helper reinforces behaviors other than the dysfunctional behavior to reduce the dysfunctional target behavior (e.g., you want a child to quit talking in class so you give them a gold star only when they are doing their work and not talking). This procedure relies on reinforcement AND extinction.

Answer 154

differential

Question 155

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: In Skinnerian __________, the behavior is affected by the consequences that come after the behavior.

Answer 155

operant conditioning

Question 156

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: ________ popularized what is now known as classical conditioning.

Answer 156

Ivan Pavlov

Question 157

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: Behavior modification/applied behavior analysis is generally based on ________, while behavior therapy usually has its roots in __________.

Answer 157

Skinner; Pavlov

Question 158

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: Interventions based on __________ conditioning include: - sensate focus (sex therapy) - systematic desensitization - flooding (aka in vivo exposure with response prevention or deliberate exposure with response prevention) - implosive therapy - assertiveness training

Answer 158

classical

Question 159

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: __________ conditioning = learning by pairing things together

Answer 159

classical/respondent

Question 160

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: _________ conditioning based on the work of Skinner & Thorndike = learning by consequences occurring after a behavior

Answer 160

operant

Question 161

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: Wolpe's __________ can be conducted individually or in a group to curb fears and abate anxiety. This technique relies on relaxation and imagining feared stimuli. Newer research has revealed that this is a form of extinction.

Answer 161

systematic desensitization

Question 162

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: Behaviorists may also use _________ therapy where the client imagines scary or feared stimuli in the safety of the counselor's office.

Answer 162

implosive

Question 163

Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy: _________ devices are used to enhance the client's self-control of the autonomic nervous system. Examples include heart rate or brain waves. This is a form of OPERANT conditioning.

Answer 163

biofeedback

Question 164

Roger's Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy: 3 conditions for effective helping... 1. _________ 2. ________ 3. display ________

Answer 164

show empathy be genuine/congruent unconditional positive regard

Question 165

Roger's Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy: _________ created a five-point empathy scale with a level-five response as the best response.

Answer 165

Carkhuff

Question 166

Roger's Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy: Counselor strives to improve __________ so that the person is more like their ideal self.

Answer 166

congruence

Question 167

Roger's Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy: Rogerians are not big fans of traditional diagnosis and testing. Moreover, they do not believe in the _________. Humans can control their own behavior.

Answer 167

unconscious

Question 168

Roger's Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy: Critics are concerned that this approach is too _________ and may not be the treatment of choice for severely disturbed individuals or very young children.

Answer 168

optimistic

Question 169

Roger's Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy: Natalie Rogers, Carl Roger's daughter, created ____________. This method strives to generate a creative connection with inner feelings via such things as movement, sound, art, writing, and journaling, which are shared with the helper.

Answer 169

person-centered expressive arts therapy (PCEA)

Question 170

Ellis's Active Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): This is a ___________ form of therapy. Change your thinking (cognitions) and you can change your life.

Answer 170

cognitive-behavioral

Question 171

Ellis's Active Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): ________ beliefs are replaced by _______ beliefs via the counseling process.

Answer 171

irrational; rational

Question 172

Ellis's Active Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): Uses the ABC or ABCDE model of personality. ``` A = _________ event B = client's _______ system C = emotional __________ D = counselor _________ the irrational belief at B E = new __________ consequence that occurs when B becomes rational ```

Answer 172

``` activating belief consequence disputes emotional ```

Question 173

Ellis's Active Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): Humans have an innate tendency to think in an irrational, illogical, unscientific manner. Thought is referred to as ___________.

Answer 173

self-talk or internal verbalizations

Question 174

Ellis's Active Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): Shoulds, oughts, musts, terriblizing, and awfulizing causes __________.

Answer 174

irrational thought

Question 175

Ellis's Active Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): This is an active directive form of therapy utilizing lots of _____________.

Answer 175

homework, bibliotherapy, and even rational imagery (RI)

Question 176

Ellis's Active Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): ________ of this approach insist that it does not emphasize the counselor client relationship, feelings, and that REBT is mechanistic or sterile. It may be too complex for those with psychosis or thought disorders.

Answer 176

critics

Question 177

Beck's Cognitive Therapy: This therapy is similar to REBT, emphasizing that the client has __________ which are distortions of reality such as... - polarized black and white thinking - overgeneralizing based on a single event - personalization (wrongly attributing an event to yourself and drawing conclusions without real evidence)

Answer 177

automatic thoughts

Question 178

Beck's Cognitive Therapy: ________ as confrontational as Ellis/REBT.

Answer 178

NOT

Question 179

Beck's Cognitive Therapy: _________ is sometimes employed.

Answer 179

socratic questioning

Question 180

Beck's Cognitive Therapy: Clients are urged to keep a record of __________.

Answer 180

dysfunctional thoughts

Question 181

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: This experiential/existential approach focuses on the ___________ in an attempt to help the client become whole again.

Answer 181

here and now

Question 182

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: Gestalt is an experiential form of therapy and it relies on __________.

Answer 182

dream work, role-playing, confrontation, the top dog/underdog concept, hot seat, and the empty chair technique

Question 183

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: Modern gestalt therapists are not as abrupt with clients as Perls was. The therapy is now considered a ________ treatment.

Answer 183

softer, gentler

Question 184

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: Gestalt is a German word that basically means "_________". The view of human nature is that humans want to be self-actualized and complete (whole).

Answer 184

organized whole

Question 185

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: _______ are the royal road to integration. Counselor asks client to recount the dream as if it is occurring in the present moment.

Answer 185

dreams

Question 186

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: ___________ questions are used more than why questions (e.g., what is your foot doing now?").

Answer 186

what & how

Question 187

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: Goal is for the client to take responsibility and achieve _________ in the here and now. Doing is emphasized over just ___________.

Answer 187

awareness; talking about problems

Question 188

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: ___________ helped develop the approach and made it more popular with women in therapy.

Answer 188

Laura Perls (Fritz Perls's wife)

Question 189

Fritz Perls's Gestalt Therapy: ________ charge that this approach is "gimmicky", puts little or no stock in diagnosis and psychological testing, and at times it "antitheoretical". On occasion, the approach can lead to self-centeredness.

Answer 189

Critics

Question 190

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): A here-and-now approach that took Freudian terminology and made it __________.

Answer 190

fun and easy to understand

Question 191

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): The theory takes into account transactions between individuals. It is often combined with ________ therapy.

Answer 191

gestalt

Question 192

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): TA is a ________ approach.

Answer 192

cognitive

Question 193

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): TA insists that the person unconsciously develops a life plan at an early age called a __________.

Answer 193

life script

Question 194

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): _________ assumes the person is at least partially living the preprogrammed script. The script concept is also used in narrative therapy.

Answer 194

script analysis

Question 195

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): Ego states are the... 1. 2. 3. These states roughly correspond to Freud's superego, ego, and id.

Answer 195

``` parent = superego adult = ego child = id ```

Question 196

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): Uses __________. I'm ok, you're ok (healthy); I'm ok, you're not ok; i'm not ok, you're ok; and i'm not ok, you're not ok.

Answer 196

Tom Harris's life positions

Question 197

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): Games a played to avoid __________. Somebody is always hurt in a game.

Answer 197

intimacy

Question 198

Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA): ___________ = a person changes their position from victim to persecutor to rescuer during discussion

Answer 198

Karpman's drama triangle

Question 199

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: This therapy focuses on ________ behavior. Clients are taught that they create their own personal reality with the behaviors they choose.

Answer 199

present

Question 200

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: Glasser believes that "behavior is the control of our perceptions" and that a __________ is the result of being loved and accepted.

Answer 200

success identity

Question 201

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: Glasser has been criticized for downplaying the role of the _________ in terms of impacting ethnic minorities.

Answer 201

environment

Question 202

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: Reality therapy have also been deemed "weak" in terms of not dealing with ___________.

Answer 202

dreams, the past, or traumatic memories

Question 203

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: According to Glasser, psychiatric medicines are _________.

Answer 203

not the answer

Question 204

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: The 8 steps of reality therapy: 1. build a _________ with the client 2. focus on _________ behavior 3. help the client to __________ their current behavior 4. develop a contract with an __________ 5. have the client _________ to the plan 6. accept no _________ 7. do not use _________ 8. refuse to __________

Answer 204

``` relationship present moment evaluate action plan commit excuses punishment give up on your client ```

Question 205

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: The approach emphasizes _________ treatment and is very _________.

Answer 205

short-term; concrete

Question 206

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: Psychological needs include ___________.

Answer 206

belonging, power, freedom, and fun

Question 207

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: Robert Wubbolding expanded the theory with his introduction of WDEP. ``` W = _______ (belonging, freedom, fun, belonging, power, and independence) D = _______ (is the client doing something to take them in the best direction?) E = ________ (how is the behavior working for the client?) P = ________ (should be immediate, attainable, and measurable) ```

Answer 207

wants direction and doing evaluation or self-evaluation plan

Question 208

Glasser's Reality Therapy with Choice Theory: __________ of reality therapy is a bit too simplistic, does not take into account developmental stages, and has changed its focus over the years.

Answer 208

criticisms

Question 209

Lynn Rehm's Self-Control Therapy: This is a self-control ________ paradigm of therapy which relies on self-monitoring, evaluation, and self-reinforcement.

Answer 209

behavioristic

Question 210

Hypnosis: _______ for pain, insomnia, anxiety, and habit control such as overeating and smoking.

Answer 210

helpful

Question 211

Hypnosis: Can be used to elicit _________, however, the memories are often dubbed as "pseudomemories", meaning they are not accurate.

Answer 211

memories

Question 212

Feminist/Non-Sexist Therapy: No single theorist is the founder. Has its origins in the ___________ of the 1960s.

Answer 212

women's movement

Question 213

Feminist/Non-Sexist Therapy: Some similarities to _________ counseling.

Answer 213

multicultural

Question 214

Feminist/Non-Sexist Therapy: A strong ________ on women's rights, sex-role stereotyping, and the oppression of women.

Answer 214

focus

Question 215

Feminist/Non-Sexist Therapy: Approach postulates that most therapies have an __________ (centered on men) and are not ideal and sometimes harmful to women.

Answer 215

androcentric bias

Question 216

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: Social constructionism emphasizes that realities are __________.

Answer 216

socially constructed

Question 217

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: ________ therapy & ________ therapy are constructivist approaches.

Answer 217

brief; narrative

Question 218

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: ________ therapy postulates that individuals construct their lives by stories they tell and about themselves and stories others create about them. Stories create meaning and this becomes the client's identity.

Answer 218

Narrative

Question 219

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: In _________ therapy, sessions consist of the client describing their life experiences and then rewriting the narrative in a new way.

Answer 219

narrative

Question 220

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: A narrative therapist _________ the problem in their progress notes and sends it to the client as a letter between sessions.

Answer 220

externalizes

Question 221

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: In __________ therapy, rather than the counselor saying "you are a cocaine addict", they would say "cocaine has been trying to wreck your life."

Answer 221

narrative

Question 222

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: The narrative therapist sees themself as a _________ with the client. Some cultures want an expert therapist, and thus this can sometimes create a problem for multicultural counseling.

Answer 222

consultant/collaborator

Question 223

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: Narrative therapy is often recommended (with or without CBT) for working with ________ and _________ who want to tell their stories. Journaling works well with this population and more disclosure is generally possible in individual rather than group sessions.

Answer 223

refugees and immigrants

Question 224

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: ___________ counselors should allow the clients to choose the language spoken in the interview and language switching is often appropriate.

Answer 224

bilingual

Question 225

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) was created by __________.

Answer 225

Steve de Shazer & Insoo Kim Berg

Question 226

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: Narrative therapy was created by ___________.

Answer 226

Michael White & David Epston

Question 227

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: SFBT focuses on _________ and NOT on an understanding of the problem. The focus is on exceptions to the rule -- what is working.

Answer 227

solutions

Question 228

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: _________ therapy uses so-called exception questions: a client who is depressed is asked, "when aren't you depressed?".

Answer 228

SFBT

Question 229

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: In SFBT, goals are ___________.

Answer 229

small & realistic

Question 230

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: The miracle question is a ________ technique.

Answer 230

SFBT

Question 231

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: SFBT also uses ___________. This is a homework assignment given after the first session.

Answer 231

formula first session task (FFST)

Question 232

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: Recently, ________ has gained popularity in group treatment settings.

Answer 232

SFBT

Question 233

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: __________ is becoming the norm in many instances since managed care firms often restrict the number of sessions the client can attend.

Answer 233

Brief therapy

Question 234

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: Psychotherapy integration was created by __________.

Answer 234

Frederick Thorne

Question 235

Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories: ___________ uses strategies from a number of counseling schools. Instead of merely using techniques from the approaches in eclecticism, this approach assumes that using or integrating 2 or more theories will often produce results that are superior to a single school of therapy.

Answer 235

psychotherapy integration

Question 236

Family Counseling: The client is the ________ and NOT the identified patient.

Answer 236

family

Question 237

Family Counseling: Family therapists believe in _________ rather than linear causality.

Answer 237

circular

Question 238

Family Counseling: ___________ occurs when a client makes a superficial change to deal with a problem, but the change does not alter the underlying structure of the family. _________ alters the underlying structure and thus makes a difference that is longer lasting.

Answer 238

first-order change; second-order change

Question 239

Family Counseling: _________ feedback loops are not necessarily bad, but keep the family in homeostasis and functioning the way the family always has. ________ feedback loops induce change in the family system.

Answer 239

negative; positive

Question 240

__________ takes place when several helpers from the same agency or different agencies work together without duplicating services to help an individual client.

Answer 240

case integration

Question 241

_________ therapy urges helpers to change the client's entire environment (social and physical) to help the client. Hence, treatment is not limited to counseling sessions. In most instances, this takes place in inpatient treatment facilities.

Answer 241

Milieu

Question 242

Famous Family Therapists: ________ used the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic approach.

Answer 242

Ackerman

Question 243

Famous Family Therapists: Experimental conjoint family therapist _________ popularized the notion that in times of stress, family members use 4 inept patterns of communication. 1. __________ (tries to please everyone) 2. __________ 3. __________ (who intellectualizes) 4. __________ (interrupts and changes the topic to something irrelevant)

Answer 243

Virginia Satir 1. placator 2. blamer 3. reasonable analyzer 4. irrelevant distractor

Question 244

Famous Family Therapists: Experimentalist _________ could be very wild, radical, and creative, and often utilized a co-therapist.

Answer 244

Carl Whitaker

Question 245

Famous Family Therapists: __________ is a key name in intergenerational therapy. His approach is often referred to as extended family systems therapy.

Answer 245

Murray Bowen

Question 246

Bowen Family Therapy: ________ occurs when two people who are stressed, bring in a third party to reduce the dyad's stress level and restore equilibrium.

Answer 246

triangulation

Question 247

Bowen Family Therapy: ________ are actually graphic diagrams of the family from a minimum of 3 generations.

Answer 247

genograms

Question 248

Bowen Family Therapy: ________ is a blurring of the psychological boundaries between the self and others. A person driven by fusion can't separate thinking and feeling well.

Answer 248

fusion

Question 249

Bowen Family Therapy: __________ is the ability to control reason over emotion. People often secure their level of this from a multigenerational transmission process.

Answer 249

differentiation

Question 250

Structural Family Therapy: ________ is the leading name behind structural family therapy.

Answer 250

Salvador Minuchin

Question 251

Structural Family Therapy: _______ or blending in with the family is used. The therapist uses a popular strategy of this, known as ________, to imitate or copy the family's communication and patterns.

Answer 251

joining; mimesis

Question 252

Structural Family Therapy: The therapy proposes that changes in the family system, subsystems, and family organization must take place in order for individual family members to ___________.

Answer 252

resolve their systems

Question 253

Structural Family Therapy: Structural therapy is ________ and performed in the _________.

Answer 253

directive; here and now

Question 254

Strategic Family Counseling: _________ are powerful names in this therapy (also referred to as the MRI model and the communications model).

Answer 254

Jay Haley & Cloe Madanes

Question 255

Strategic Family Counseling: In this paradigm, the therapist gives directives or prescriptions, often __________ (e.g., telling a client who is afraid he will shake, to shake as much as he can).

Answer 255

paradoxical

Question 256

Strategic Family Counseling: __________ problems is common in this modality.

Answer 256

reframing/relabeling

Question 257

Strategic Family Counseling: This approach warns us that _________ (e.g., a parent telling a child she loves her while beating her severely) could cause serious psychopathology, even schizophrenia.

Answer 257

double-bind communication

Question 258

__________ is used when a client is experiencing an expected NORMAL reaction to stress. Therapy, on the other hand, is aimed at reducing abnormal & pathological behaviors and symptoms.

Answer 258

crisis intervention

Question 259

__________ uses a treatment team with a one-way mirror.

Answer 259

Milan Model

Question 260

________ is known as the father of mental health consultation.

Answer 260

Gerald Caplan

Question 261

Edgar Schein's Models: _________ = where you buy the person's information and knowledge _________ = you aren't sure what the problem is, so you hire an expert to diagnose and treat it _________ = the consultant helps the consultee with the process

Answer 261

expertise model doctor-patient model process consultation model

Question 262

_________ models focus on the process, while _______ models focus on the imparting knowledge to the consultee.

Answer 262

process; content

Question 263

Brain Chemicals & Neurotransmitters Related to Neuroscience: _________ = mood Most prescription medicines given to clients for mental health issues impact serotonin (e.g., SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) drugs or the old tricycle antidepressants).

Answer 263

serotonin

Question 264

Brain Chemicals & Neurotransmitters Related to Neuroscience: _________ = excess is thought to fuel schizophrenia, while very low levels are implicated in Parkinson's disease. Some experts believe addictive behaviors such as gambling can flood the brain with dopamine.

Answer 264

dopamine

Question 265

Brain Chemicals & Neurotransmitters Related to Neuroscience: _________ = is a trace mineral or rare earth. It helps stabilize mood, especially in clients with bipolar conditions. An excess caused by prescription dosages can cause liver damage or tremors.

Answer 265

lithium

Question 266

The _______ hemisphere of the brain is logical, verbal, and analytic, but the ______ hemisphere is emotional, creative, and artistic. This notion is still controversial.

Answer 266

left; right

Question 267

The _________ or balance of good bacteria (such as probiotics) and bad bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract can affect our mood, digestion, and general health. This is sometimes called the gut-brain connection.

Answer 267

microbiome

Question 268

Popular Psychiatric Medicines: ________ = xanax, librim, klonopin ativan, and valium

Answer 268

anxiety (benzodiazepines)

Question 269

Popular Psychiatric Medicines: _______ = prozac, zoloft, luvox, celexa, paxil, and lexapro (SSRIs), cymbalta, pristiq, and effexor (SNRIs), elavil, tofranil, and pamelor (TCAs)

Answer 269

depression

Question 270

Popular Psychiatric Medicines: _______ = ritalin, concerta, adderall, vyvanse (adderall& vyvanse also used for binge eating)

Answer 270

ADHD

Question 271

Popular Psychiatric Medicines: _______ = risperdal, zyprexa, lithobid, depakote, tegretol, and lithium

Answer 271

bipolar

Question 272

Popular Psychiatric Medicines: _______ = prozac, paxil, luvox, zoloft, anafranil, effexor

Answer 272

OCD

Question 273

Popular Psychiatric Medicines: _______ = ativan & paxil

Answer 273

panic disorder

Question 274

Popular Psychiatric Medicines: _______ = abilify, geodon, risperdal, clorzaril, and zyprexa

Answer 274

antipsychotic/schizophrenia

Question 275

Group Counseling: A major name in group therapy is existential expert and psychiatrist __________.

Answer 275

Irvin Yalom

Question 276

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 1. _________ = giving help to others gives members a sense of well-being.

Answer 276

altruism

Question 277

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 2. _________ = simply the notion that you are not the only one in the world with a particular problem

Answer 277

universality

Question 278

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 3. __________ = members expect the group to work

Answer 278

installation of hope

Question 279

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 4. _________ = talking about your difficulties is beneficial

Answer 279

catharsis

Question 280

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 5. _________ = sense of we-ness

Answer 280

group cohesiveness

Question 281

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 6. ________ = members copy or model the leader and the other members

Answer 281

imitative behavior

Question 282

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 7. ________ = group helps abet family origin issues and feelings and the group allows you to work through them

Answer 282

family reenactment

Question 283

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 8. ________ = can be advice or even psychodynamic insights

Answer 283

imparting information

Question 284

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 9. ________ = members receive feedback regarding how their behavior affects others

Answer 284

interpersonal learning

Question 285

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 10. ________ = such as feedback and instruction are helpful

Answer 285

socialization techniques

Question 286

Group Counseling: Yalom's 11 Reasons Groups Work So Well... 11. ________ = for example discovering that life can have meaning even if it is seemingly unjust and unfair at times

Answer 286

existential factors

Question 287

Group Counseling: Yalom is a proponent of working in the here and now and emphasizes the __________ is a powerful ingredient.

Answer 287

therapeutic alliance

Question 288

Group Counseling: Ideal group size is _______ members, with 8 being preferable. Groups that are conducted for a long time (6 months or more) can function effectively with up to ____ members. Size should be ______ with children. _________ can refer to the length of the group sessions or how long the group will run.

Answer 288

5 or 6 - 8 10 smaller duration

Question 289

Group Counseling: ________ of co-leaders... - having two role models (perhaps 2 genders) - more feedback - one leader can deal with the client is there is transference - two leaders can better see what is transpiring in the group

Answer 289

Advantages

Question 290

Group Counseling: _______ of co-leaders... - leaders can work at cross-purposes - may have conflicting models of therapy - could be in a power struggle - may each decide to charge the client a different fee

Answer 290

Disadvantages

Question 291

Group Counseling: Most experts believe in the stage models to explain development and dynamics. 1. ________ stage = getting acquainted 2. ________ stage = characterized by power struggles for control and resistance, and some members will rate their satisfaction as lower 3. ________ stage = group works toward goals in a cohesive manner 4. ________ stage = members must deal with saying good-bye

Answer 291

1. initial/forming/orientation 2. transition/conflict/storming 3. working/productive/performing/action 4. termination/closure/completion/mourning/adjourning

Question 292

Group Counseling: Members often experience feelings of __________. Referrals for additional intervention may be prescribed.

Answer 292

improved insight, awareness, accomplishment, and enhanced self-esteem

Question 293

Group Counseling: Group member roles that are ________ include helping others and being a stellar role model. Other roles, such as monopolizing the group, intellectualizing too much, being silent, or attacking others are considered __________. The _________ is the member who is blamed for the group's problems. This term is also used in family therapy.

Answer 293

positive negative scapegoat

Question 294

Group Leadership Styles: Adept group leaders model appropriate behavior to enhance participation. This is especially important with __________ clients.

Answer 294

resistant

Question 295

Group Leadership Styles: Leaders rely on a strategy called _______ to determine how rapidly the group progresses.

Answer 295

pacing

Question 296

Group Leadership Styles: __________ style = advocates making decisions for members. It is appropriate during crisis or when a quick decision is in order but in MOST situations it will foster resentment.

Answer 296

autocratic / authoritarian

Question 297

Group Leadership Styles: _________ style = leader has little involvement. This approach is appropriate when all members are very committed to a group outcome or goal.

Answer 297

Laissez Faire / hands-off

Question 298

Group Leadership Styles: _________ style = allows input from members, including input into the decisions made. This is generally the best style.

Answer 298

democratic

Question 299

Group Leadership Styles: _________ style = leaders are often seen as charismatic. They rely on their personal power and charisma to move the group in a desirable direction. They are often adorned and group members look up to them, though they are not peer oriented.

Answer 299

speculative

Question 300

Group Leadership Styles: ________ style = the leader reveals the impact that their own behavior has on themself as well as the impact that other group members have on them.

Answer 300

confrontive

Question 301

Types Of Groups: __________ = provide members with information relevant to their situation

Answer 301

psychoeducational / old name guidance groups

Question 302

Types Of Groups: _________ = focus on conscious issues related to personal growth and development

Answer 302

counseling groups

Question 303

Types Of Groups: ________ = (term coined by Moreno) can focus on unconscious material, the past, and personality change

Answer 303

group therapy

Question 304

Types Of Groups: ________ = often intended for business or personal motivation

Answer 304

T-Groups (training groups)

Question 305

Types Of Groups: _______ = centered around certain issues, such as shyness or how to prepare for a job interview

Answer 305

structured groups

Question 306

Types Of Groups: _______ = not led by a professional. These groups have been dubbed as support groups and for those that follow the AA model are often called 12-step groups.

Answer 306

self-help / mutual help / support groups

Question 307

Group Counseling: _________ bias in relation to groups = when the groups is productive or successful the person takes credit for it, but when the group is unproductive or not successful, it is the fault of others.

Answer 307

self-serving attribution

Question 308

Group Counseling: The ________ phenomenon is when members make more risky decisions in a group than they would on an individual basis. ________ suggests that members of a group make more extreme decisions than they would individually.

Answer 308

risky shift group polarity

Question 309

Group Counseling: _________ guidelines are intended to specifically help counselors apply ACA's Code of Ethics to group work. The guidelines stipulate a leader should have an evaluation plan to meet the requirements of organizations, regulatory bodies, and insurance companies when appropriate.

Answer 309

ASGW Best Practice

Question 310

Group Counseling: _________ are NOT required to participate in an exercise or experiential activity and can quit during the experience. It is the leader's job to clarify this upfront; however, the leader should explore why a participant did not wish to participate.

Answer 310

Group members

Question 311

Group Counseling: ________ exercises are not recommended and could cause negative feelings in some members.

Answer 311

forced touching

Question 312

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: _________ was the author of the seminal work in the field, "Choosing A Vocation". This proposed the _________ theory. The client needs to know... 1. personal attributes & interests or traits 2. appropriate occupations should be investigated 3. match the client's traits to the occupation

Answer 312

Frank Parsons trait-and-factor theory (matching or actuarial approach)

Question 313

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: _________ expanded the trait-and-factor approach. He proposed 6 steps: 1. analysis 2. synthesis 3. diagnosis 4. prognosis 5. counseling 6. follow-up

Answer 313

E. G. Williamson

Question 314

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: The _______ approach makes the assumption that there is a single best career goal for everyone. Many experts disagree.

Answer 314

trait-and-factor

Question 315

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: _________ created a psychodynamic needs approach. Jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations. Occupations are categorized by ____ levels and ____ fields.

Answer 315

Anne Roe 6; 8

Question 316

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: _________ proposed a developmental theory in the 1950s with 3 periods... 1. fantasy (birth - 11yrs) 2. tentative (11-17 yrs) 3. realistic (17 urs and up)

Answer 316

Ginzberg & associates

Question 317

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: David Tiedeman & Robert O'Hara rely on a _________ approach. In their model, career development is commensurate with psychosocial development as delineated with Erik Erikson's stages.

Answer 317

developmental

Question 318

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: Donald Super is well known for emphasizing the role of the _________ in career and vocation choice and his __________.

Answer 318

self-concept; life rainbow

Question 319

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: ________ personality typology theory. 6 personality types... 1. realistic 2. investigative 3. artistic 4. social 5. enterprising 6. conventional * *RIASEC He is also known for assessment tools: the Self-Directed Search, My Vocational Situation, and the Vocational Preference Inventory.

Answer 319

John Holland's

Question 320

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: _________ theorized that career decision was based on social learning theory. Today, _______ leans toward behaviorism in general. Four factors that impact career choice: 1. genetics & special abilities 2. the environment and special events 3. learning experiences 4. task-approach problem-solving skills

Answer 320

John Krumboltz, Anita Mitchell, and G. Brian Jones; Krumboltz

Question 321

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: _________ emphasized circumscription (the process of narrowing the acceptable alternatives) and compromise (realization that the client will not be able to implement their most preferred choices). The client adjusts aspirations to accommodate things like hiring practices, family obligations, or educational programs. People sacrifice _______ rather than sex-type or prestige. Theory was created in the early 1980's.

Answer 321

Linda Gottfredson interests

Question 322

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: _________ created by Lent, Brown, and Hackett helps complement other theories emphasizing the role of self-efficacy and cognitive processes.

Answer 322

Social cognitive career theory (SCCT)

Question 323

Lifestyle and Career Counseling Theories: _________ uses techniques popularized by narrative therapy to create a postmodern constructivist approach.

Answer 323

Mark Savickas

Question 324

Career Choice: _________ is a type of computer-assisted career guidance (CACG).

Answer 324

SIGI

Question 325

Career Choice: When using a ________ the counselor should: 1. Screen the client to make sure this modality and computer or online program is appropriate. 2. Give the client an orientation to describe the pros and cons of the system. 3. Follow-up to make sure an appropriate plan of action is evident.

Answer 325

computer-assisted career guidance (CACG).

Question 326

Career Choice: The O*NET replaced the _______ which listed over 20,000 job titles with 9 digit codes.

Answer 326

DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles)

Question 327

Career Choice: _________ provides job trends for the future with salaries, and can be accessed online.

Answer 327

OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook)

Question 328

Career Choice: _________'s book, "What Color if Your Parachute?", is a useful tool for job hunting.

Answer 328

Richard Bolles's

Question 329

Career Choice: _____% of all jobs are not advertised, thus job seekers need to network. This is referred to as the _______ market.

Answer 329

80%; hidden job

Question 330

Career Choice: Sex-wage discrimination/earnings gap: women make _____ for each dollar earned by men. ________ women earn $0.68, and ________ women earn $0.60 for every dollar earned by white men.

Answer 330

$0.80; African American; Latina

Question 331

Career Choice: Overall, _________ are avoiding career counseling services.

Answer 331

college students

Question 332

Career Choice: _________ = when a person takes a job below their skill level, expertise, and training

Answer 332

underemployment

Question 333

Career Choice: _________ = a person who is unemployed due to downsizing, a company relocation, or the company closed business

Answer 333

dislocated worker

Question 334

Career Choice: _________ = women who enter or reenter the workforce after being at home. Often occurs after a divorce, death or partner, or having children.

Answer 334

displaced homemaker

Question 335

Career Choice: ________ = when U.S. companies rely on labor from another country in order to save money. Can result in fewer jobs in the U.S.

Answer 335

outsourcing

Question 336

Career Choice: ______ career counseling is a growing trend. Helpful, but not as much as face to face.

Answer 336

online

Question 337

Career Choice: The average worker have ____ jobs by age 36.

Answer 337

9

Question 338

Career Choice: In two parent families... ``` __________ = both parents work __________ = no chance for advancement __________ = consists of a managerial or professional position with the possibility for advancement ```

Answer 338

dual-career/dual-income family dual earner dual career

Question 339

Career Choice: Supervisors who rate workers often suffer from ________.

Answer 339

rater bias

Question 340

Career Choice: __________ = when a supervisor rates majority of workers as average

Answer 340

central tendency bias

Question 341

Career Choice: _________ = when a supervisor's rating reflects primarily the worker's recent performance rather than the entire rating period

Answer 341

recency effect

Question 342

Career Choice: _________ = supervisor generalizing about an employee based on a single characteristic (e.g., employee who is attractive). Positive & negative versions of this is possible.

Answer 342

halo effect

Question 343

Career Choice: Supervisors often rate workers _______ if they hired the worker.

Answer 343

higher

Question 344

Career Choice: _________ = employees who share identical or similar jobs meet as a group to solve problems and find solutions to help management

Answer 344

quality circles

Question 345

Career Choice: Job interviews, personality tests, and reference letters are NOT __________.

Answer 345

excellent predictors of whether a person will do well in a job

Question 346

Career Choice: ____________ interviews are usually better than unstructured job interviews.

Answer 346

structured job

Question 347

Career Choice: __________ = if a job seeker is interviewed after a superb candidate they will not seem as desirable (and vice versa)

Answer 347

contrast effect

Question 348

Career Choice: _________ don't predict job success well, but they do predict job _________.

Answer 348

interest inventories; satisfaction

Question 349

Assessment & Testing: Ideally, tests measure and provide valid & reliable data regarding your clients so you can ___________.

Answer 349

pick effective treatment modalities, referral, or placement

Question 350

Assessment & Testing: _________ of tests: - can be faked - are mechanical - often measure irrelevant factors - can invade privacy - create prejudice in the sense that the counselor perceives the client differently

Answer 350

criticisms

Question 351

Assessment & Testing: __________ have uniform procedures for scoring and administration. Additionally, these instruments have validity, reliability, and norm data which has been investigated and analyzed.

Answer 351

standardized tests

Question 352

Assessment & Testing: _________ provide counselors with information on thousands of tests that have been critically analyzed.

Answer 352

Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) & Tests in Print (TIP)

Question 353

Assessment & Testing: Raw scores can be converted to _________ (e.g., t-scores, z-scores, percentile rank, standard deviation, or stanine) so they can relate to a normal bell curve.

Answer 353

standard scores

Question 354

Assessment & Testing: _______ is the highest score subtracted from the lowest score (some exams will add 1 to answer).

Answer 354

range

Question 355

Assessment & Testing: _________ = tells what percent of scores are equal to or below the score you are investigating. Hence, a client who is at the 75th percentile scored equal to or better than 75% of the people who took the exam.

Answer 355

percentile rank

Question 356

Assessment & Testing: 3 measures of central tendency: 1. _______ = arithmetic average (add all scores then divide by the number of scores you have) 2. _______ = most frequently occurring score/category 3. _______ = middle score when data is ranked from highest to lowest

Answer 356

mean mode median

Question 357

Assessment & Testing: In a _________ the mean, mode, & median all have the same point in the center of the bell shape. When a curve leans, it is ________. If the tail points to the left it is _________, and if it points to the right it is __________.

Answer 357

normal curve skewed negatively skewed; positively skewed

Question 358

Assessment & Testing: __________ is a measure of variability or dispersion of scores. (i.e., Are the scores bunched up close to the mean (average) OR are the scores spread out?) A SD of 1 is a z-score (standard score) of 1. A SD of -2 is a z-score of -2.

Answer 358

standard deviation **think to deviate (disperse)

Question 359

Assessment & Testing: ________ have a mean of 50 and the SD is 10. What is a t-score when the SD is 2? answer is 70 (add 20 to 50) What is the t-score for a SD of -3? answer is 20 (subtract 30 from 50)

Answer 359

t-scores **think T in t-scores = 10! SD is 10

Question 360

Assessment & Testing: Areas under the normal curve you should commit to memory!! 68% of the scores will fall between +/-1 SD from the mean 95% of all scores will fall between +/-2 SD 99.7% of all scores between +/-3 SD It is safe to say that virtually all scores fall between +/-3 SD of the mean. This is known as the ____________.

Answer 360

empirical 68-95-99.7 normal curve rule

Question 361

Assessment & Testing: ________ is the MOST important property of a psychological test. Does the test, test what is says it's testing?

Answer 361

validity

Question 362

Assessment & Testing: _________ = is the test consistency. Will it give the similar results if we administer it again and again?

Answer 362

reliability

Question 363

Assessment & Testing: A _______ test is not always valid, but a ______ test is always reliable.

Answer 363

reliable; valid

Question 364

Assessment & Testing: _________ reliability describes the consistency of 2 or more raters. If two counselors read the same test reports and come up with the same diagnosis then this is HIGH. If they come up with different diagnoses then it is low.

Answer 364

inter-rater

Question 365

Assessment & Testing: A test that is only normed on the majority culture is not appropriate for __________ since it is misleading and could cause discrimination.

Answer 365

cultural minorities

Question 366

Assessment & Testing: _______ can give a false positive or a false negative.

Answer 366

tests

Question 367

Assessment & Testing: _________ tests predict _________.

Answer 367

aptitude; potential

Question 368

Assessment & Testing: _________ tests give you the current accomplishments, what has been learned or the level of performance achieved up to this point in time.

Answer 368

achievement

Question 369

Assessment & Testing: _______ tests such as the Wechsler or the Binet attempt to measure mental abilities. These tests are very controversial.

Answer 369

IQ

Question 370

Assessment & Testing: In _______ tests time is not a factor like it is in speed tests.

Answer 370

power

Question 371

Assessment & Testing: _________ tests = no correct answer. Client looks at an inkblot, vague picture, or incomplete sentence. Answer is assumed to be a projection of the client's personality. Scoring these tests is subjective. One rater could score it differently than another. (this is called inter-rater reliability)

Answer 371

projective

Question 372

Assessment & Testing: __________ states that is a client scores exceptionally low or exceptionally high on a test, then the client with the low score will go up towards the mean the next time they take it (and vice versa).

Answer 372

regression to the mean

Question 373

Assessment & Testing: _________ generally implies that a label is placed on the client using a classification system, generally the DSM as an assessment tool. **insurance companies always want an ICD diagnosis.

Answer 373

diagnosis

Question 374

Assessment & Testing: _________ assessments... - helps determine admissions/selection/placement to schools & treatment organizations - determine whether your client is making progress or not

Answer 374

reasons to use

Question 375

Assessment & Testing: _________ tests generally reduce costs, provide immediate scoring, and cut risk of scoring errors. However, these tests can have low validity and reliability.

Answer 375

computer-based

Question 376

Assessment & Testing: ____________ occurs when a test (like the NCE) is used to make important decisions about the future.

Answer 376

high-stakes assessment

Question 377

Research and Program Evaluation: When counselor integrate research into practice it is called __________.

Answer 377

Empirically Validated/Supported Treatment (EVT or EST)

Question 378

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ is not the same as causality. _________ is simply an association. For example, the correlation between people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but opening your umbrella does not cause it to rain.

Answer 378

Correlation; correlation

Question 379

Research and Program Evaluation: Correlations go from __________. 0 = no correlation +1 & -1 = perfect correlations * *positive 0.5 correlation is NOT higher than -0.5 - 0.8 is STRONGER than 0.5

Answer 379

-1, to 0, to 1

Question 380

Research and Program Evaluation: In a ________ correlation, when X goes up, Y goes up. EX: when you study more your GPA goes up In a ________ correlation, when X goes up, Y goes down. EX: the more you brush your teeth, the less cavities you will have.

Answer 380

positive negative

Question 381

Research and Program Evaluation: Research is _________ when one quantifies or measures things. _________ research yields numbers. _________ research does NOT use numerical data

Answer 381

quantitative quantitative qualitative

Question 382

Research and Program Evaluation: All research has flaws with it sometimes referred to as _________.

Answer 382

bubbles

Question 383

Research and Program Evaluation: __________ = 2 or more groups are used

Answer 383

true experiment

Question 384

Research and Program Evaluation: True experiments must have participants selected randomly. This is known as __________. Participants also need to be randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. This is known as _________. _________ = where every nth person is chosen

Answer 384

random selection random assignment systematic sampling

Question 385

Research and Program Evaluation: When a researcher can NOT control the independent variable, then it is a ________ rather than a true experiment.

Answer 385

quasi

Question 386

Research and Program Evaluation: ________ research is also referred to as a natural experiment does NOT ensure causality. Advantages of this research include: - gains external validity - often not as artificial However, it shows a loss in internal validity.

Answer 386

quasi experimental

Question 387

Research and Program Evaluation: Outcome data in a study is called the __________. EX: If we want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while the IQ scores would be the DV.

Answer 387

dependent variable (DV).

Question 388

Research and Program Evaluation: Each experiment has a null hypothesis and an experimental/alternative hypothesis. _______ hypothesis = there is no significant different in people's IQ who eat carrots and those who don't eat them _______ hypothesis = there is a significant difference between people's IQ's who do eat carrots vs. those who do not.

Answer 388

null experimental/alternative

Question 389

Research and Program Evaluation: When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true, it is a _________ error. When a researcher accepts null hypothesis when it should have been rejected it is a ___________.

Answer 389

Type I alpha error **RA! Type II beta error

Question 390

Research and Program Evaluation: Significance level for the social sciences is usually ____ or less (.01 or .001). Significance level gives you the probability of a Type I error. Smaller the better!

Answer 390

0.05

Question 391

Research and Program Evaluation: _______ is known as a single-subject design or case study This does NOT rely on IV, DV, control group, etc.

Answer 391

N = 1

Question 392

Research and Program Evaluation: __________ are evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding what the researcher desires or does not desire that influence their behavior.

Answer 392

demand characteristics

Question 393

Research and Program Evaluation: If subjects KNOW they are being observed this is called ___________. Observers' presence can influence subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental variable or treatment modality. When subjects do NOT KNOW they are being measured this is called ___________.

Answer 393

obtrusive/reactive measure unobtrusive measure

Question 394

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ is high when an experiment have few flaws and thus the findings are accurate. When this is low the researcher didn't measure what they thought they did.

Answer 394

internal validity

Question 395

Research and Program Evaluation: ________ is high when the results in a study CAN be generalized to other settings.

Answer 395

external validity

Question 396

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ is a popular parametric test for comparing 2 means.

Answer 396

t test

Question 397

Research and Program Evaluation: ANOVA (also called one-way ANOVA) is used when you are comparing ___________ This was developed by Ronald Fisher.

Answer 397

TWO or MORE means.

Question 398

Research and Program Evaluation: The t test and the ANOVA are _________ measures for normally distributed populations.

Answer 398

parametric

Question 399

Research and Program Evaluation: ANOVA provides F values and the _______ will tell you if significant differences are present.

Answer 399

F Test

Question 400

Research and Program Evaluation: Use the ________ when you are investigating more than 1 DV.

Answer 400

MANOVA

Question 401

Research and Program Evaluation: Use a ____________ when you are investigating more than 1 IV.

Answer 401

factorial analysis of variance

Question 402

Research and Program Evaluation: If you have two IVs it would be called a two-way _______; three IVs = three-way ________, etc.

Answer 402

ANOVA; ANOVA

Question 403

Research and Program Evaluation: If the population is not necessarily normal then a ________ test such as a chi-square (most common) or Kruskal-Wallis can be used.

Answer 403

nonparametric

Question 404

Research and Program Evaluation: __________ = if the researcher did NOT manipulate the variable

Answer 404

ex post facto or casual-comparative design

Question 405

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ = statistics that describe central tendency like the mean, median, mode, range, quartiles, variance, and SD.

Answer 405

descriptive statistics

Question 406

Research and Program Evaluation: ________ = 3 data points dividing the distribution into 4 equal parts. ``` Q1 = 25th percentile or lowest 25% of scores Q2 = 26th - 50th percentile (**50th is the median**) Q3 = 75th percentile and higher (i.e., 75% of scores below this value) ```

Answer 406

quartiles

Question 407

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ = correlation coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, etc.

Answer 407

statistical analyses

Question 408

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ = examine a group of people who have something in common

Answer 408

cohort studies

Question 409

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ takes place during treatment or while the program is going on _________ occurs at the end of a treatment or program

Answer 409

formative evaluation summative/outcome evaluation

Question 410

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ design uses different subjects in the different groups (e.g., one group of subjects for the control group and another group of subjects for the experimental group).

Answer 410

between-groups

Question 411

Research and Program Evaluation: _________ design (also referred to as repeated measures or within-subject design) the SAME SUBJECTS for the control condition and then at a different time for the IV/experimental condition.

Answer 411

within groups

Question 412

Research and Program Evaluation: __________ approval is required prior to conducting human research.

Answer 412

institutional research board (IRB)