Final Review for Exam 1 Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
Focus and purpose of abnormal psych
A
Describe, explain, predict, control problematic behaviors
2
Q
General criteria for abnormal behavior
A
- Statistical infrequency
- Deviance from social norms
- Dysfunction (psychological disability)
- Distress (subjective distress)
- Dangerousness
3
Q
Categories of abnormal psych
A
- Description and nature of abnormality
- Factors that cause or influence its occurrences
- Methods developed for treatment and their effectiveness
4
Q
Prediction
A
Directly relayed to understanding causes or influences
5
Q
Control
A
- treatment
- depends on hypothesized cause and what has been effective
- psychotherapies
- biological therapies
6
Q
Symptoms
A
What characteristics are present that distinguish the disorder
7
Q
Prevalence
A
Number or percentage of the population who have the disorder at a given time
8
Q
Lifetime prevalence
A
Number or percentage of the population who has ever had the disorder
9
Q
Incidence
A
How many new cases appear each year
10
Q
Age of onset
A
The time period at which an individual experiences the first symptoms of a disease
11
Q
Prognosis
A
Anticipated course of a disorder
12
Q
Comorbidity
A
Presence of 2 or more disorders in the same person
13
Q
Types of professionals that work in the field of abnormal psych
A
- clinical / counseling psychologist
- psychiatrist
- psychiatric social worker
14
Q
Clinical / counseling psychologist - credentials / requirements
A
- Earn a bachelor’s degree (psychology or other related field)
- Earn a Master’s degree (not required but may be if bachelors is in an unrelated subject)
- Earn a doctorate degree (Ph.D. Or Psy.D.)
- Get pre-professional experience (typically a predoctoral internship and postdoctoral fellowship, # of hours varies by state)
- Pass Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology
- Some states require jurisprudence test (covers state-specific laws and rules)
- Obtain board certification
15
Q
Psychiatrist - credentials / requirements
A
- Complete undergraduate degree
- Medical school (typically 4 years)
- Residency (typically 4 years)
- Become board-certified
16
Q
Psychiatric social worker - credentials / requirements
A
- Earn bachelors degree
- Earn Master’s degree in social work (MSW)
- Complete specified number of supervised clinical hours (typically between 2,000 - 4,000)
- Pass clinical licensing exam (administered by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB)
- Some states require a continuing education requirement (ongoing training and education to maintain licensure)
17
Q
Main historical models for causes and treatment of psych disorders
A
- Supernatural models
- Biological models
- Psychological models
18
Q
Supernatural model - causes
A
- action of God(s)
- spirits or demons
- movement of stars / planets
- witchcraft
19
Q
Supernatural model - treatments
A
- exorcisms
- beatings / torture
- trephination
20
Q
Biological model - causes
A
- brain pathology
- head trauma
- genetics
21
Q
Biological model - treatments
A
- special diets
- rest
- abstinence from alcohol
- regular exercise
- celibacy
22
Q
Hippocrates beliefs / acknowledgements
A
- Brain as seat of consciousness
- Postulated causes (brain pathology, head traume, genetics)
- Classified abnormal behavior patterns
- Four Humors theory
23
Q
What is general paresis?
A
- Late-stage syphilis
- individuals experienced brain deterioration, similar to schizophrenia symptoms (delusions / hallucinations as disease progressed until death)
24
Q
Importance of general paresis and Pasteur’s germ theory to the classification and treatment of psychological disorders
A
- provided concrete evidence for the biological cause of some mental illnesses
- encouraged development of medical treatments
- shifted classification of mental disorders (distinction between organic mental disorders [caused by physical factors] and functional disorders [believed to have no physical cause at the time])
25
Pasteur's germ theory
Germs are the cause for many diseases
26
Historical progression of asylums
1. Originally created to remove people w/ mental disorder for the general population (poor conditions)
2. Asylum reform by Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin (humane treatment, small staff / patient ratio)
3. Mental hygiene movement w/ Dorothea Dix (universal humane therapy, psychological model)
4. ^ led to downfall of moral therapy (little funding, big staff / patient ratio)
27
Impact of moral therapy and mental hygiene movement
- paved way for modern approach to mental disorders
- led to more humane treatment of asylum patients
- Dix is credited with making the most significant changes in treating those with mental disorder and changing public attitudes about these conditions in America - established 30+ hospitals
28
Emil Kraeplin
Outlined cause, course, and outcomes of various diseases
29
4 themes that led to contemporary perspectives of abnormal psych
1. Biological discoveries (in brain)
2. Development of a classification system
3. Experimental psychological research
4. Emergence of psychological causation viewpoint
30
Current perspectives on the causes and treatment of psychological disorders
- biological
- psychodynamic
- behavioral
- cognitive / cognitive-behavioral
- humanistic
- sociocultural
- biopsychosocial
31
Biological perspective - major hypothesized causes of psychological illness
- genetic vulnerabilities
- neurotransmitter or hormonal abnormalities
- brain dysfunction
32
Importance of shared vs. nonshared environments
- understanding how both common and unique environmental factors shape individual difference, behavior, personality, and mental health
- recognizing role of nonshared environments helps explain why individuals, even those raised in the same family, can have vastly different life outcomes
33
Behavioral genetics
The study of the degree to which genes and environment influence behavior
34
Gene-environment interaction
- genes can influence how sensitive a person is to certain environments
- environments can affect how genes are expressed or how they influence behavior or health outcomes
- help explain why individuals w/ similar genetic backgrounds (e.g., siblings / twins) have different responses to the same environment or why people with similar environmental exposures can develop different traits or disorders
35
Heritability
Extent to which the variability in a particular disorder can be accounted for by genetic factors
36
How do researchers estimate genetic contributions?
- hereditary predisposition
- family studies
- twin studies
- adoption studies
37
Structure of neurons
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
- terminal buttons
38
Neurotransmitter production, release, destruction
1. Production - neurotransmitters synthesized in neurons from precursor molecules
2. Storage - stored in vesicles within axon terminal
3. Release - when action potential reaches axon terminal, neurotransmitters release into synaptic cleft
4. Receptor binding - neurotransmitters bind to receptors onto postsynaptic neuron, transmitting signal
5. Destruction - neurotransmitters either taken back into pre synaptic neuron via reuptake or broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft
6. Recycling - reuptaken neurotransmitters repackaged into vesicles for future uses
39
Serotonin - functions
- processing of info
- regulation of mood, behavior, thought processes
40
Norepinephrine - functions
regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep
41
Dopamine - functions
Influences novelty-seeking, sociability, pleasure, motivation, coordination, and motor movement
42
GABA - functions
Regulation of mood, especially anxiety, arousal, and behavior
43
Acetylcholine - function
Important in motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning, and memory
44
Glutamate - function
Influences learning and memory
45
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal
46
HPA Axis - functions
1. Stress response (releases cortisol)
2. Energy regulation (helps mobilize energy reserves)
3. Immune modulation (regulates immune responses to prevent excessive inflammation)
4. Homeostasis maintenance - uses feedback loop to return system to equilibrium after stress response
47
Psychodynamic principles in essence (3 answers)
1. Psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts
2. Behavior is determined from intrapsychic forces
3. Affected by early childhood experiences
48
Psychoanalytic theory - 4 major components
1. Topographical model (depth of consciousness)
2. Structure of personality
3. Psychosexual development
4. Defense mechanisms
49
Topographical model of consciousness
1. Conscious
2. Preconscious
3. Unconscious
50
Structure of personality
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
51
Id
Deep, inaccessible portion of the personality that contains instinctual urges
52
Ego
The organized, rational component of the personality
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Superego
A component of the personality representing the ideals and valued of society as conveyed by parents
54
Psychosexual stages
1. Oral (birth - 1.5)
2. Anal (1.5-3)
3. Phallic (3-5)
4. Latency (6 - early teens)
5. Genital (12 - adulthood)
55
Oral stage - focus
Mouth is the main focus of satisfaction
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Anal - focus
Attention becomes centered on defecation and urination
57
Phallic - focus
Sexual organs become the prime source of gratification
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Latency - focus
Lack of overt sexual activity or interest
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Genital - focus
Mature expression of sexuality
60
Defense mechanisms - components
1. Ways of trying to reduce stress and anxiety
2. Involve denial or distortion of reality
3. Operate at an unconscious level
4. Operate mechanically and involuntarily
61
5 defense mechanisms
1. Repression
2. Reaction formation
3. Projection
4. Displacement
5. Sublimation
62
Types of psychodynamic psychotherapy
- insight therapy
- free association
- dream analysis
- transference
63
Insight therapy
Attempt to bring unconscious material to consciousness
64
Neo-Freudian contributions - Carl Jung
1. Collective unconscious - all humans share a collective unconscious with universal archetypes
2. Archetypes - identified key archetypes that shape human experiences and behaviors
3. Introversion and extroversion - introduced personality types based on attitudes towards the external / internal word
4. Individuate in - emphasized process of integrating different aspects of self to achieve personal development and wholeness
65
Neo-Freudian contributions - Alfred Adler
1. Inferiority complex - individuals are motivated by feelings of inferiority
2. Striving for superiority - people are driven by fundamental desire to overcome inferiority and achieve superiority
3. Social interest - emphasized importance of social connection and community feeling in psych health
4. Birth order - position in family (oldest, middle, youngest) influences personality and behavior
66
Behavioral perspective - principles
1. We acquire behaviors through specific learning processes
2. Focuses on effects of environmental stimuli on patterns of responding
3. Abnormal behaviors occur because:
A. Failure to learn adaptive behaviors
B. Learning ineffective or maladaptive responses
67
Classical conditioning - before
1. Unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response
2. Neutral stimulus = no response
68
Classical conditioning - during
Neutral stimulus + conditioned stimulus = unconditioned response
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Classical conditioning - after
Conditioned stimulus = conditioned response
70
Classical conditioning - extinction
CR gradually decreases and eventually disappears when CS is repeatedly presented without US
71
Classical conditioning - spontaneous recovery
When a previously extinct CR reappears after a period of rest, even though the CS has not been paired with the US during the break
72
Operant conditioning
- Behavior followed by positive consequences is likely to be repeated
- Behavior followed by negative consequences is likely to be repeated
73
Operant conditioning - shaping
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
74
Behavioral perspective - components
1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Social / observational learning (modeling)
75
Cognitive perspective
Abnormal behaviors are the product of faulty mental processing
76
Cognitive perspective - 3 dimensions of possible deficiencies
1. What you attend to (selective attention)
2. How information is organized, stored, or retrieved (schemas)
3. How you interpret information (cognitive appraisal)
77
Rational emotive behavioral therapy - who and what type of therapy?
- Albert Ellis
- cognitive-behavioral
78
Who developed cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Aaron Beck
79
Cognitive-behavioral therapy - goals
1. Identify distorted thought processes and pessimistic views of self, world, and future
2. Replace these with more balanced, realistic thoughts
80
Humanistic perspective - basic tenets
1. People are naturally good and strive for personal growth and fulfillment
2. We seek to be creative and meaningful in our lives; when thwarted in this goal, we become alienated from others and possibly develop a mental disorder
3. Humans have choices and are responsible for their own fates
4. One's behavior is determined by perceptions of oneself and others
5. Subjective human experience that includes individual awareness of how we behave in the context of our environment and other people
81
Abraham Maslow - beliefs
Humans have basic and higher-order needs they strive to satisfy during their lifetime
82
Maslow's hierarchy of needs (bottom-up)
1. Physiological - physical survival needs
2. Safety - shelter, basic health, employment, family and financial security
3. Social (belonging) - intimacy w/ others, close friendships
4. Ego (esteem) - confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect from others
5. Self-actualization - striving to be the best one can be; moral beings who understand reality and can view things objectively
83
Carl Rogers - developed what therapy?
client-centered therapy`
84
Control group
Those who do not receive the active independent variable in an experiment
85
Random assignment
Selecting and assigning people to groups so each person has the same chance of being assigned to any one group
86
3 criteria for an experiment
1. Manipulation of independent variable
2. Accurate measurement of dependen variable
3. Control over extraneous variables
87
3rd variable
- confounding variable
- influences both IV and DV, damaging internal validity
88
Directionality
Directionality
Does X cause Y or does Y cause X?
89
Causality problems
1. Directionality
2. 3rd variable
90
Correlation coefficient
- statistical calculation of the degree of relationship between 2 variables
-1 to 1
-1 = perfect negative relationship
0 = no relationship
1 = perfect positive relationship
91
Correlational studies
Want to examine the relationship between 2 or more variables, across a number of people
92
Risk factors
Conditions or variables related to disorder
93
Prevalence
Number of people with disorder
94
Incidence
Number of new cases
95
Epidemiological research - purpose
Description and prediction
96
Case study - limitations
- no experimental manipulation
- no internal validity
- no external validity (cannot generalize results from one person to the overall population
97
When is a case study most useful?
- describing rare phenomena
- testing new treatments on a few people to judge their effect and safety
98
What does research in abnormal psych do?
1. Reports on nature or description of psychological disorders
2. Finds evidence for the causes of psychological disorders
3. Evaluates various treatments
99
Big picture for research
1. What is my population and sample?
2. What are the variables and how will I measure them?
3. What type of research design is needed to adequately answer my hypothesis?
4. Ethical implication
100
Control - objective / purpose
Objective - influence or modify behaviors or conditions to achieve desired outcomes or reduce negative effects
Purpose - apply findings in practical settings to manage or alter behaviors and conditions effectively
101
Explanation - objective / purpose
Objective - understand and explain why a particular phenomenon / behavior occurs
Purpose - identify underlying causes, mechanisms, or processes that contribuye to the observed phenomena
102
Prediction - objective / purpose
Objective - forecast future occurrences / outcomes based on current or past data
Purpose - to use existing knowledge to anticipate future events / behaviors, often to prevent or address potential issues
103
Description - objective / purpose
Objective - provide detailed account of a behavior or phenomenon as it occurs in its natural state
Purpose - identify and categorize characteristics, behaviors, or conditions being studied
104
4 goals of research
1. Description
2. Prediction
3. Explanation
4. Control
105
How do theories and hypotheses relate to the study of abnormal psych?
- Theories offer a broad framework for understanding mental disorders
- hypotheses are specific predictions that researchers test to validate or refine these theories
106
What does a hypothesis lead to?
A prediction about what will happen in a particular situation
107
Hypothesis
Specific statement that attempts to describe or explain behavior; describes relationship between variables
108
Theory - components
- organizes facts
- attempts to explain and predict behavior
- must be testable!!
109
Theory
Organized set of statements describing the relationship among constructs; general principles that attempt to explain how several facts or events are related
110
Construct validity
Whether test or interview results relate to other measures in a logical, theoretically expected fashion
111
Concurrent reliability
Whether current test or interview results relate to an important feature or characteristic at the time
112
Predictive reliability
Whether test or interview results accurately predict some behavior or event in the future
113
Content validity
Degree to which test or interview actually cover aspects of the variable or diagnosis under study
114
Internal consistency reliability
Extent to which test items appear to be measuring the same thing
115
Interrater reliability
Extent to which 2 raters or observers agree about their ratings or judgements of a person's behavior
116
Test-retest reliability
Extent to which a person provides similar answers to the same test items across time
117
What does a neuropsychological assessment evaluate?
Brain function via performance on standardized tests and tasks that indicate brain-behavior relationships
118
What is involved in a neuropsychological assessment?
Standardized tests that typically assess abstract reasoning, memory, visual-perceptual processing, language functioning, and motor skills.
119
fMRI (functional MRI)
Purpose - assesses how the brain is working
Function - assess metabolic changes in the brain; helps to understand risk factors of a mental disorder`
(brain with color view)`
120
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - purpose / function
Purpose - detect structural differences in the brain such as tumors or blood clots
Function - uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images
(side head view)
121
PET scan (positron emission tomography) - purpose / function
Purpose - evaluate brain structure and function
Function - assess brain function; can identify seizure activity and brain sites activated by psychoactive drugs
(colorful brain overhead view)
122
CT scan (computerized tomography) - purpose / function
Purpose - assess structural differences of the brain; assesses brain tissue density
Function - x-ray cross sections of the brain; identify abnormalities (such as enlarged ventricles or hollow spaces) to diagnose conditions
(many brain images)
123
EEG (electroencephalogram) - purpose and function
Purpose - assess electrical activity in various brain areas
Function - record electrical activity; detect abnormalities (unusual activity may indicate lesion / tumor or seizure activity / epilepsy)
124
When would intelligence testing be used?
- to assess cognitive aspects of mental disorders
- to sense a person's strengths and weaknesses
- to measure specific aspects of cognitive functioning (memory, arithmetic, mastery of general information, visual-perception organization)
125
Projective tests - underlying philosophy
People faced with an ambiguous stimulus will "project" their own needs, personality, and conflicts
- roots in psychodynamic theory w/ exploration of unconscious
126
Purpose of projective tests
1. Reveal unconscious processes
2. Understand personality
3. Assess emotional functioning
4. Facilitate self-exploration
127
TAT (thematic apperception test)
- projective test
1. Presentation of pictures
2. Storytelling (client asked to create a story about whats happening in picture)
3. Analysis
4. Interpretation (examine themes and content to gain deeper understanding of individual's underlying needs, desires, conflicts, and social relationships)
128
Rorschach ink blot test
- projective test
1. Presentation of inkblots
2. Responses (client asked to describe what they see in each inkblot)
3. Analysis (respondes analyzed to see how they interpret ambiguous stimuli)
4. Interpretation (look for patterns to gain insight into person's psychological state and personality)
129
Personality inventories
1. MMPI-2
2. NEO
3. Beck depression inventory
130
Mental status exam - 5 criteria
1. Appearance and behavior
2. Thought processes
3. Mood and affect
4. Intellectual functioning
5. Sensorium
131
Difference between structured and non-structured interviews
Structured - interviewer asks standardized questions
Non-structured - interviewer asks any questions in any order
132
Types of interviews
1. Structured
2. Non-structured
3. Semi-structured
133
Clinical interview
1. Detailed psychosocial history
2. Current and past: behaviors, cognitions, emotions, attitudes
3. Medical problems / medication / psychiatric history
4. Description of presenting problem and accompanying symptoms
5. Determine onset of problem and other events that coincided
134
Assessment techniques
1. Interview
2. Neurobiological tests
3. Psychological tests
4. Behavioral observation
135
Validity
the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
136
Reliability
Consistency; the degree to which an instrument produces the same results each time its used
137
DSM-5 - 3 areas
1. Psychiatric and medical diagnosis
2. Psychosocial and cultural factors
3. Disability (rating system): WHODAS
138
DSM-5 - how is it used?
1. Culture-related diagnostic issues
2. Gender-related diagnostic issues
3. Differential diagnosis
4. Comorbidity
139
DSM-5 - how is it arranged?
1. Diagnostic criteria
2. Specifiers
3. Diagnostic features
4. Associated features
5. Prevalence
6. Development and course
7. Risk and prognostic factors
140
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- system used for description and classification, not explanation, of the causes
141
Problems w/ classification systems
1. Once individual is categorized, their uniqueness can be lost
2. Can attribute characteristics that the individual does not possess (can also lead to self-fulfilling prophecy)
3. Labeling can lead to stigmatization
142
Importance of classification systems
1. Allows us to describe characteristics of individuals who suffer from a disorder
2. Helps clinicians predict behavior outcomes
3. Helps clinicians decide on avenues of treatment
4. Helps researchers communicate findings
143
OCD causes / treatment - biopsychosocial
Causes - combo of biological, psychological, and social factors
Treatments - integrated approach (combo of treatments)
144
OCD causes / treatment - sociocultural
Causes - cultural factos, social pressures, environmental stressors
Treatments - culturally sensitive therapy
145
OCD causes / treatment - humanistic
Causes - issues related to self-actualizaron and personal growth, potentially linked to feelings of inferiority
Treatments - client-centered therapy
146
OCD causes / treatment - cognitive-behavioral
Causes - combo of cognitive distortions and learned behaviors
Treatments - cognitive-behavioral therapy
147
OCD causes / treatment - cognitive
Causes - cognitive distortions and maladaptive thought patterns
Treatments - cognitive restructuring
148
OCD causes / treatment - behavioral
Causes - learned behaviors through conditioning, compulsions reinforced by temporary anxiety relief
Treatments - exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, behavioral techniques
149
OCD causes / treatment - psychodynamic
Causes - internal conflicts, unresolved unconscious issues, early childhood experiences or anxiety
Treatments - psychoanalysis, insight therapy
150
OCD causes / treatment - biological
Causes - genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalance, brain abnormalities
Treatment - medications, neurosurgery
151
Diathesis-stress model
Genetic predisposition + environmental stressors = depressive reaction
152
Sociocultural factors - components
- culture
- gender
- neighborhoods
- family
153
Sociocultural factors - definition
Influence that social institutions and other people have on mental health
154
Carl Rogers - beliefs
1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Self-concept - understanding and aligning the self-concept (how one perceives oneself) w/ actual experiences for psychological well-being
3. Empathy and congruence - therapists should provide genuine empathy and be authentic (congruent) to effectively help clients
4. Self-actualization
155
Carl Rogers - developed what therapy?
Client-centered therapy
156
Maslow's hierarchy of needs (bottom-up)
1. Physiological - physical survival needs
2. Safety - shelter, basic health, employment, family and financial security
3. Social (belonging) - intimacy w/ others, close friendships
4. Ego (esteem) - confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect from others
5. Self-actualization - striving to be the best one can be; moral beings who understand reality and can view things objectively
157
What does the humanistic model focus on?
personal growth, choice, responsibility
158
What does the psychodynamic model focus on?
Internal personality characteristics:
159
What does the cognitive-behavioral model focus on?
specific thoughts and learning experiences
160
What does the sociocultural model focus on?
External environmental events and includes the family systems perspective
161
Historically, how were psychological causes treated?
Franz Anton Mesmer–Metal rods to remagnitize
Jean Charcot–hypnotism to get patients to speak
Josef Breuer–Hypnotism to get patients to reveal unconscious motives
Sigmund Freud–Conscious talk to reveal conflict
162
what was the mental hygiene movement? `
sought to get equal psychological help for all and not just the rich
163
What are pedigree studies?
Used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait
164
What is the depth hypothesis?
psyche and behavior consists of both conscious and unconscious processes that determine cause and creation of mental disorders
165
What are linkage studies?
traces patterns of disease in high risk families
166
What is repression?
Unconscious but intentional forgetting?
167
What is reaction formation ?
People believe and act as though motivated to do the exact opposite of the unacceptable impulse
168
What is projection?
Person disowns some impulses or attitudes and projects them onto another person ?
169
What is displacement?
Disturbing emotion or conflict is transferred from its original source onto some less threatening object or situation
170
What is transference?
Projections of thoughts/feelings from other relationships onto another person and that person becomes a stand in for the thing causing discomfort
171
What’s dream analysis?
Focuses on finding emotional cues and symbols in peoples dreams (Freud and Jung)
172
What is free association?
the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection.
173
What is individual psychology?
neurotic symptoms resulted as a response to conflict motivated by the need to dominate or triumph over others
174
What is analytic psychology?
Emphasis on the unconscious as an energy source from which positive, creative acts arise
175
What else did Jung believe?
humanity shares certain racial memories that are represented symbolically of past/present cultures
176
What is modeling?
client learns by imitation alone, copying a human model without any specific verbal direction
177
What are schemas?
cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
178
What is the cognitive behavioral theory of Ellis?
developed for confronting and changing irrational beliefs and behaviors
people disturb themselves by the rigid and extreme beliefs they hold about things
179
What are the basic tenants of the humanistic perspective?
human capacity for self-actualization, self-direction, and choice
180
What did Maslow do
hierarchy of needs, which said that basic physical needs must be met first before people can realize their full potential.
181
What did Rogers do?
emphasizing a person-to-person relationship between the therapist and the client
182
What is the humanistic perspective?
emphasizes looking at the the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual.
