Which of the following most likely results in the production of different transcripts in different CELL TYPES?
Select one:
a. RNA editing
b. alternative splicing
c. different promoter
d. different stop codon
RNA editing
Which of the following will provide information regarding the expression of genes in the genome?
Select one:
a. the transcriptome
b. the proteome
c. the metabolome
d. the microbiome
the transcriptome
How does the proteome help determine protein function?
by allowing for the 3-D structure of the protein to be determined
The proteome is helpful for characterizing protein modifications, which of the following modifications contributes to the complexity of the proteome?
Select one:
a. post translational modification
b. location modification
c. genome modification
d. use of different amino acids
post translational modification
The proteins produced by a human cell depend on:
the function of the cell
Why might the metabolome be useful in studying human disease?
it provides the physiological status of the cell
What type of interactions are mostly mapped in the interactome?
protein to protein
What is a HERV?
an ancient retrovirus in human DNA
The HERV-W are particularly important in the development of the human _______________.
placenta
The viruses of the virome interact with ______________ to impact the human immune response.
bacteria
Evidence suggests that the variation of microbiota within an individual initially depends upon:
type of birth, vaginal vs c-section
The most diverse regions of the human skin, with regard to microbiota are:
Dry
Patients with hypercholesterolaemia can be benefited by ingesting bacteria that express:
nitrate reductase
Caries in the oral cavity can be caused by bacteria that:
produce acid
At what age does the microbiome become stable in most humans?
3 years of age
Which of the following factors most influences the gut microbiome
Select one:
a. diet
b. geographical location
c. age
d. amount of stress
Diet
Which of the following negatively impacts the gut microbiota causing increased permeability of the gut?
Select one:
a. moderate exercise
b. high intensity exercise
c. no exercise
d. probiotics
high intensity exercise
Which style of diet seems to favor the development of microbiota that positively impact human health?
mediterranean
The rate of drug metabolism is controlled by the genes in the ____________ protein family.
CYP
Which phenotype is likely to see little of the beneficial impact of a drug?
poor metabolizers
Unpredictable adverse drug reactions include:
hypersensitivity reactions
Patients can develop Stevens-Johnson syndrome when taking particular drugs if they have certain alleles at which locus?
HLA
If we are interested in studying the impact of diet on an individual’s genes, which area of study would be most appropriate?
Select one:
a. nutrigenetics
b. nutrigenomics
c. proteomics
d. transcriptomics
a. nutrigenetics
Nutrigenomics is the study of the impact of diet on the genome, the proteome, the metabolome and the microbiome.
Which of the following may alter DNA methylation patterns leading to obesity?
Select one:
a. maternal diet
b. dietary cholesterol
c. alcohol use
d. inflammatory bowel disease
Maternal diet
What type of epigenomic change in liver tissue may be induced in some individuals who consume a “Western style” diet?
DNA methylation
What would transcriptomics measure with regard to nutrition?
gene expression
A current, attainable goal of nutritional proteomics is to develop _____________.
Biomarkers
Why is metabolomics possibly advantageous over studying the transcriptome or proteome?
only approximately 7000 metabolites exist
Multiple studies have shown that small metabolites like branched chained amino acids (BCAAs) can accumulate and can contribute to the development of _____________ in individuals with particular genotypes.
diabetes
Prescribing a bile sequestering drug helps prevent high levels of cholesterol in those with familial hypercholesterolemia. In what way is the metabolism being manipulated in order to treat this condition?
Diversion
Small molecule therapy in cystic fibrosis is a way of increasing function of a _______________.
Protein
Treating a child with thyroxine to prevent the effects of congenital hypothyroidism is a ______________ therapy.
Replacement
Which molecular tool is useful for reducing the build up of a toxic protein?
Select one:
a. RNAi
b. CRISPR/CAS9
c. bone marrow transplant
d. decitabine
RNAi
How can the clinical validity of a genetic test be established?
Using cohort studies
Asking the question “is the test medically actionable” can help assess the _________________ of a genetic test.
Clinical utility
How is ancestry determined by companies like 23andME?
Algorithms
Which of the following is TRUE regarding direct to consumer genetic testing kits?
Select one:
a. they are individualized
b. they definitively tell a person if they will develop a disease
c. they definitively tell a person their ancestry
d. they should be used to make major medical decisions
a. they are individualized
Which of these describes what is meant by “avoidance of maleficence”?
Select one:
a. first of all, do no harm
b. being good
c. protecting an individual’s rights
d. equal treatment
first of all, do no harm
In a company that has more than 15 employees it is legal to use the results of genetic testing when granting _________________.
Select one:
a. health insurance
b. life insurance
c. employment
d. premium adjustments
Life insurance