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Flashcards in Final Review Questions Deck (39)
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1
Q

Which of the following most likely results in the production of different transcripts in different CELL TYPES?

Select one:

a. RNA editing
b. alternative splicing
c. different promoter
d. different stop codon

A

RNA editing

2
Q

Which of the following will provide information regarding the expression of genes in the genome?

Select one:

a. the transcriptome
b. the proteome
c. the metabolome
d. the microbiome

A

the transcriptome

3
Q

How does the proteome help determine protein function?

A

by allowing for the 3-D structure of the protein to be determined

4
Q

The proteome is helpful for characterizing protein modifications, which of the following modifications contributes to the complexity of the proteome?

Select one:

a. post translational modification
b. location modification
c. genome modification
d. use of different amino acids

A

post translational modification

5
Q

The proteins produced by a human cell depend on:

A

the function of the cell

6
Q

Why might the metabolome be useful in studying human disease?

A

it provides the physiological status of the cell

7
Q

What type of interactions are mostly mapped in the interactome?

A

protein to protein

8
Q

What is a HERV?

A

an ancient retrovirus in human DNA

9
Q

The HERV-W are particularly important in the development of the human _______________.

A

placenta

10
Q

The viruses of the virome interact with ______________ to impact the human immune response.

A

bacteria

11
Q

Evidence suggests that the variation of microbiota within an individual initially depends upon:

A

type of birth, vaginal vs c-section

12
Q

The most diverse regions of the human skin, with regard to microbiota are:

A

Dry

13
Q

Patients with hypercholesterolaemia can be benefited by ingesting bacteria that express:

A

nitrate reductase

14
Q

Caries in the oral cavity can be caused by bacteria that:

A

produce acid

15
Q

At what age does the microbiome become stable in most humans?

A

3 years of age

16
Q

Which of the following factors most influences the gut microbiome

Select one:

a. diet
b. geographical location
c. age
d. amount of stress

A

Diet

17
Q

Which of the following negatively impacts the gut microbiota causing increased permeability of the gut?

Select one:

a. moderate exercise
b. high intensity exercise
c. no exercise
d. probiotics

A

high intensity exercise

18
Q

Which style of diet seems to favor the development of microbiota that positively impact human health?

A

mediterranean

19
Q

The rate of drug metabolism is controlled by the genes in the ____________ protein family.

A

CYP

20
Q

Which phenotype is likely to see little of the beneficial impact of a drug?

A

poor metabolizers

21
Q

Unpredictable adverse drug reactions include:

A

hypersensitivity reactions

22
Q

Patients can develop Stevens-Johnson syndrome when taking particular drugs if they have certain alleles at which locus?

A

HLA

23
Q

If we are interested in studying the impact of diet on an individual’s genes, which area of study would be most appropriate?

Select one:

a. nutrigenetics
b. nutrigenomics
c. proteomics
d. transcriptomics

A

a. nutrigenetics

Nutrigenomics is the study of the impact of diet on the genome, the proteome, the metabolome and the microbiome.

24
Q

Which of the following may alter DNA methylation patterns leading to obesity?

Select one:

a. maternal diet
b. dietary cholesterol
c. alcohol use
d. inflammatory bowel disease

A

Maternal diet

25
Q

What type of epigenomic change in liver tissue may be induced in some individuals who consume a “Western style” diet?

A

DNA methylation

26
Q

What would transcriptomics measure with regard to nutrition?

A

gene expression

27
Q

A current, attainable goal of nutritional proteomics is to develop _____________.

A

Biomarkers

28
Q

Why is metabolomics possibly advantageous over studying the transcriptome or proteome?

A

only approximately 7000 metabolites exist

29
Q

Multiple studies have shown that small metabolites like branched chained amino acids (BCAAs) can accumulate and can contribute to the development of _____________ in individuals with particular genotypes.

A

diabetes

30
Q

Prescribing a bile sequestering drug helps prevent high levels of cholesterol in those with familial hypercholesterolemia. In what way is the metabolism being manipulated in order to treat this condition?

A

Diversion

31
Q

Small molecule therapy in cystic fibrosis is a way of increasing function of a _______________.

A

Protein

32
Q

Treating a child with thyroxine to prevent the effects of congenital hypothyroidism is a ______________ therapy.

A

Replacement

33
Q

Which molecular tool is useful for reducing the build up of a toxic protein?

Select one:

a. RNAi
b. CRISPR/CAS9
c. bone marrow transplant
d. decitabine

A

RNAi

34
Q

How can the clinical validity of a genetic test be established?

A

Using cohort studies

35
Q

Asking the question “is the test medically actionable” can help assess the _________________ of a genetic test.

A

Clinical utility

36
Q

How is ancestry determined by companies like 23andME?

A

Algorithms

37
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding direct to consumer genetic testing kits?

Select one:

a. they are individualized
b. they definitively tell a person if they will develop a disease
c. they definitively tell a person their ancestry
d. they should be used to make major medical decisions

A

a. they are individualized

38
Q

Which of these describes what is meant by “avoidance of maleficence”?

Select one:

a. first of all, do no harm
b. being good
c. protecting an individual’s rights
d. equal treatment

A

first of all, do no harm

39
Q

In a company that has more than 15 employees it is legal to use the results of genetic testing when granting _________________.

Select one:

a. health insurance
b. life insurance
c. employment
d. premium adjustments

A

Life insurance