FINALS REVIEW Flashcards
past chapters
1
Q
Antisepsis
A
reduction in the number of microbes + viruses on LIVING tissue
2
Q
Aseptic
A
refers to an environment/procedure free of pathogenic contaminants
3
Q
Disinfection
A
destruction of most microbes + viruses on NONliving tissues
4
Q
Sanitation
A
removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards
5
Q
-stasis / -static
A
suffixed indicating inhibition, but not complte destruction, or a type of microbe
6
Q
-cide / -cidal
A
suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe
7
Q
Sterilization
A
destruction of all microbes + viruses in/on an object
8
Q
Degerming
A
removal of microbes by mechanical means
9
Q
Endemic
A
a disease that is constantly present in low numbers in a population
10
Q
Epidemic
A
a disease occurring in an unusually high number of individuals in a population at the same time
11
Q
Pandemic
A
a worldwide endemic
-a disease occurring in an unusually high number of individuals in the world at the same time
12
Q
Macrolides
A
inhibits protein synth (static)
-gram pos, gram neg, chlamydias, rickettsias
aka erythromycin
13
Q
Erythromycin
A
inhibits protein synth (static)
-gram pos, gram neg, chlamydias, rickettsias
14
Q
Quinolones
A
- inhibits DNA/RNA synth (cidal)
- acts against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
- aka ciprofloxacin
15
Q
Ciprofloxacin
A
- inhibits DNA/RNA synth (cidal)
- acts against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
- aka quinolones/fluoroquinolones
16
Q
Acyclovir
A
- an antiviral medication (mostly for herpes)
- help control the disease but DOES NOT CURE IT
17
Q
Antibodies
A
- aka immunoglobulin
- secreted by plasma cells
- contains antigen-binding site
18
Q
5 Classes of Antibodies/Immunoglobulins (Ig)
A
IgG IgA IgE IgM IgD
19
Q
IgM
A
- first antibody produced
- pentameric/largest
20
Q
IgM
A
- most common + longest lasting
- can cross placenta
21
Q
IgM
A
- associated w body secretions
- dimer/trimer
- saliva, tears, intestinal + bronchial mucus, + breast milk
22
Q
IgM
A
involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies
23
Q
IgM
A
IgDumb
unknown functions
24
Q
Inflammation
A
- redness, heat, swelling, pain
- nonspecific response to tissue damage fr various causes
25
acute inflammation for second line of defense
- dilation increased permeability of blood vessels
- migration of phagocytes
- tissue repair
26
innate immunity
aka non specific immunity
- body's first line of defense
- structures, chem, + processes that work to prevent pathogens that are entering the body
27
structures of innate immunity
- skin
| - mucous membrane: respiratory, digestive, urinary, + reproductive sytm
28
chemicals of innate immunity
-natural proteases
29
processes of innate immunity
phagocytic cells
30
Adaptive Immunity
- body's ability to recognize + defend itself fr distinct invaders+ their products
- ACQUIRED immunity bc they become activated (LYMPHOCYTE require exposure to the antigen for which they are specific)
31
5 attributes of adaptive immunity
```
1 specificity; acquired immunity
2 inducibility
3 clonality
4 unresponsiveness to self
5 memory
```
32
2 types of adaptive immune response
1 humoral immune response
| 2 cell-mediated immune response
33
2 types of Acquired Immunity
Naturally Acquired
Artificially Acquired
-further distinguished as either ACTIVE or PASSIVE
34
Naturally Acquired Immunity
- response against antigens encountered in daily life
- passive (placenta)
- active (infection)
35
Artificially Acquired Immunity
- response to antigens introduced via vaccine
- passive (serotherapy)
- active (vaccination)
36
Septicemia
any microbial infection of the blood that produces an illness
- caused more often by G- bacteria
- bacteria that produce CAPSULES may resist phagocytosis
37
Septic Shock
- complication fr septicemia
| - serious drop in blood pressure
38
Septicemia
signs + symptoms
- fever, chills, vomit, diarrhea, malaise, disseminated IV clotting, hypotension
- septic shock can develop rapidly
- petechiae can develop
39
Petechiae
small hemorrhagic lesions
| -may develop fr septicemia
40
Toxemia Toxins
1 EXOTOXIN
2 ENDOTOXIN
*toxemia symptoms vary depending on the toxin
41
Endotoxin
released fr G- bacteria
42
Exotoxin
released fr living microbes
43
Exotoxin
released fr living microbes
44
bacteremia
bacterial septicemia
- often harmless
- septicemia is more often caused by GRAM NEG
- bacterias that produce CAPSULES are MORE RESISTANT
45
toxemia
release of bacterial toxins into the blood
46
toxemia
release of bacterial toxins into the blood
47
Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
prevention
prevention includes immediate treatment of infections
| -important in individuals w COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTM
48
which type of bacteria produces more severe septicemia?
GRAM-NEGATIVE
| -due to release of ENDOTOXIN as the bacteria die
49
causes epidemic meningitis in college freshman
neisseria meningitidis
50
all bacteria that cause meningitis are...
encapsulated + airborne (via resp droplets)
51
bacterias that infect cells of the nervous system
meningitis
52
bacteria that grow elsewhere in CNS and release toxins that affect neurons
botulism + tetanus
53
leading cause of meningitis in newborns
S. agalactiae
| -acquired during birth
54
bacteria that is present in throat of 75% of humans
S. pneumoniae
55
individuals at risk for listeriosis should avoid....
high risk food
56
top 3 bacterial meningitis
1 streptococcus pneumoniae
2 neisseria meningitidis
3 haemophilus influenzae
57
3 forms of botulism
1 foodborne
2 infant
3 wound
58
which is the most common form of botulism in the U.S.
infant botulism
59
clostridium botulinum neurotoxins causes flaccid paralysis (botulism) by...
blocking the EXCITATORY neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junctions
60
tetanospasmin
- released by Clostridium tetani endospores
| - blocks the release of INHIBITORY neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junction
61
how is viral meningitis diagnosed?
diagnosed by the same signs + symptoms as bacterial meningitis BUT IN THE ABSENCE OF BACTERIA IN CSF
62
septicemia is more often caused by what type of bacteria
gram negative bacteria
-gram neg produces more severe septicemia due to release of endotoxins as bacteria dies
63
most reported vector-borne disease in U.S.
lyme disease
64
potential effects of ENDOTOXIN [lipid A of LPS]
```
1 inflammation
2 shock
3 disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC]
4 fever
5 plasma loss, reduction of BP
```
65
streptokinase
virulence factor produced by streptococci pyogenes
- breaks down blood clots
- used as thrombolysis med in heart attack or pulmonary embolism
66
streptolysins
virulence factor produced by streptococci pyogenes
-lyse blood cells
67
pyrogenic toxins
virulence factor produced by streptococci pyogenes
-once in blood, cause fever + shock
68
diptheria toxins
produced by corynebacterium
- prevents polypeptide synth + causes cell death
- causes signs + symptoms of diphtheria
69
most common cause of diarrhea that sends ppl to the DR in the US
Campylobacter jejuni
| campylobacter diarrhea
70
diarrhea associated with long-term antibiotic use is caused by...
clostridium difficile
| -causes antimicrobial associated diarrhea
71
what occurs in severe cases of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea?
pseudomembranous colitis
72
outbreaks associated w social functions like picnics
bacterial food posioning aka 4 hr food poisoning
caused by staph aureus
73
#1 cause of infant deaths from diarrhea
viral gastroenteris fr rotavirus
74
which hepatitis virus have vaccines available?
HAV + HBV
75
aka infectious hepatitis
hep A virus
76
aka serum hepatitis
hep B virus
77
amongst different ages, newborns are most likely to develop a chronic infection with hep __
hep B
78
co-infections with these 2 hep viruses results in most severe acute liver damage
HBV + HDV
79
female urinary tract is separate from..
the reproductive system
80
normal floras in urinary system
lactobacillus + staphylococcus
81
4 phases of syphilis
```
1 primary (chancre lesion)
2 secondary (generalized rash)
3 latent
4 tertiary (neurosyphilis)
```
82
which phase of syphilis is difficult to diagnose?
tertiary (neurosyphilis)
83
conjunctivitis in newborns born from post vaginal delivery from mothers w gonorrhea
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
84
chancre
is a painless genital ulcer most commonly formed during the primary stage of syphilis
85
lymphogranuloma venereum
occurs in chlamydia
causes a genital lesion + bubo in groin
86
various strains of chlamydia cause...
infections of lymph nodes, conjuctiva, + lungs
87
most common reportable bacterial std in US
chlamydia
88
#1 cause of std in the US
HPV - genital warts aka condylomata acuminata
89
2 serotypes of HIV
HIV 1 (europe, central africa, americas)
HIV 2 (w africa, India)
90
opportunistic infections become a problem in which stage of HIV
stage 4-5
91
trichomoniasis
pathogen
trichomonas vaginalis
92
trichomoniasis
signs + sympt
W-vaginal discharge + irritation
| M-asymptomatic
93
trichomoniasis
epidemiology
- most common curable STD in women
| - trichomoniasis increases risk of HIV infection
94
trichomoniasis
D T
D-presence of trichomonas in samples
T-single dose metronidazole
